3 files changed, 17103 insertions, 3 deletions

diff --git a/depedencies/include/easylogging++.h b/depedencies/include/easylogging++.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8741ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/depedencies/include/easylogging++.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4594 @@
+//
+//  Bismillah ar-Rahmaan ar-Raheem
+//
+//  Easylogging++ v9.94.2
+//  Single-header only, cross-platform logging library for C++ applications
+//
+//  Copyright (c) 2017 muflihun.com
+//
+//  This library is released under the MIT Licence.
+//  http://labs.muflihun.com/easyloggingpp/licence.php
+//
+//  https://github.com/muflihun/easyloggingpp
+//  https://muflihun.github.io/easyloggingpp
+//  http://muflihun.com
+//
+#ifndef EASYLOGGINGPP_H
+#define EASYLOGGINGPP_H
+// Compilers and C++0x/C++11 Evaluation
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#  define ELPP_CXX11 1
+#endif  // __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#if (defined(__GNUC__))
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_GCC 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_GCC 0
+#endif
+#if ELPP_COMPILER_GCC
+#    define ELPP_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
++ __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
++ __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+#  if defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#    define ELPP_CXX0X 1
+#  endif
+#endif
+// Visual C++
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC 0
+#endif
+#define ELPP_CRT_DBG_WARNINGS ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#if ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#  if (_MSC_VER == 1600)
+#    define ELPP_CXX0X 1
+#  elif(_MSC_VER >= 1700)
+#    define ELPP_CXX11 1
+#  endif
+#endif
+// Clang++
+#if (defined(__clang__) && (__clang__ == 1))
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG 0
+#endif
+#if ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG
+#  if __has_include(<thread>)
+#    include <cstddef> // Make __GLIBCXX__ defined when using libstdc++
+#    if !defined(__GLIBCXX__) || __GLIBCXX__ >= 20150426
+#      define ELPP_CLANG_SUPPORTS_THREAD
+#    endif // !defined(__GLIBCXX__) || __GLIBCXX__ >= 20150426
+#  endif // __has_include(<thread>)
+#endif
+#if (defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__))
+#  define ELPP_MINGW 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_MINGW 0
+#endif
+#if (defined(__CYGWIN__) && (__CYGWIN__ == 1))
+#  define ELPP_CYGWIN 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_CYGWIN 0
+#endif
+#if (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER))
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_INTEL 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_COMPILER_INTEL 0
+#endif
+// Operating System Evaluation
+// Windows
+#if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64))
+#  define ELPP_OS_WINDOWS 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_OS_WINDOWS 0
+#endif
+// Linux
+#if (defined(__linux) || defined(__linux__))
+#  define ELPP_OS_LINUX 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_OS_LINUX 0
+#endif
+#if (defined(__APPLE__))
+#  define ELPP_OS_MAC 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_OS_MAC 0
+#endif
+#if (defined(__FreeBSD__))
+#  define ELPP_OS_FREEBSD 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_OS_FREEBSD 0
+#endif
+#if (defined(__sun))
+#  define ELPP_OS_SOLARIS 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_OS_SOLARIS 0
+#endif
+// Unix
+#if ((ELPP_OS_LINUX || ELPP_OS_MAC || ELPP_OS_FREEBSD || ELPP_OS_SOLARIS) && (!ELPP_OS_WINDOWS))
+#  define ELPP_OS_UNIX 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_OS_UNIX 0
+#endif
+#if (defined(__ANDROID__))
+#  define ELPP_OS_ANDROID 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_OS_ANDROID 0
+#endif
+// Evaluating Cygwin as *nix OS
+#if !ELPP_OS_UNIX && !ELPP_OS_WINDOWS && ELPP_CYGWIN
+#  undef ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#  undef ELPP_OS_LINUX
+#  define ELPP_OS_UNIX 1
+#  define ELPP_OS_LINUX 1
+#endif //  !ELPP_OS_UNIX && !ELPP_OS_WINDOWS && ELPP_CYGWIN
+#if !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_INFO)
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_INFO std::cout
+#endif // !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT)
+#if !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR)
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR std::cerr
+#endif // !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT)
+#if !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_ENDL)
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_ENDL std::endl
+#endif // !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT)
+#if !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_MSG)
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_MSG(msg) msg
+#endif // !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT)
+// Internal Assertions and errors
+#if !defined(ELPP_DISABLE_ASSERT)
+#  if (defined(ELPP_DEBUG_ASSERT_FAILURE))
+#    define ELPP_ASSERT(expr, msg) if (!(expr)) { \
+std::stringstream internalInfoStream; internalInfoStream << msg; \
+ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR \
+<< "EASYLOGGING++ ASSERTION FAILED (LINE: " << __LINE__ << ") [" #expr << "] WITH MESSAGE \"" \
+<< ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_MSG(internalInfoStream.str()) << "\"" << ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_ENDL; base::utils::abort(1, \
+"ELPP Assertion failure, please define ELPP_DEBUG_ASSERT_FAILURE"); }
+#  else
+#    define ELPP_ASSERT(expr, msg) if (!(expr)) { \
+std::stringstream internalInfoStream; internalInfoStream << msg; \
+ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR\
+<< "ASSERTION FAILURE FROM EASYLOGGING++ (LINE: " \
+<< __LINE__ << ") [" #expr << "] WITH MESSAGE \"" << ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_MSG(internalInfoStream.str()) << "\"" \
+<< ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_ENDL; }
+#  endif  // (defined(ELPP_DEBUG_ASSERT_FAILURE))
+#else
+#  define ELPP_ASSERT(x, y)
+#endif  //(!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_ASSERT)
+#if ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_WRITE_PERROR \
+{ char buff[256]; strerror_s(buff, 256, errno); \
+ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR << ": " << buff << " [" << errno << "]";} (void)0
+#else
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_WRITE_PERROR \
+ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR << ": " << strerror(errno) << " [" << errno << "]"; (void)0
+#endif  // ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#if defined(ELPP_DEBUG_ERRORS)
+#  if !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_ERROR)
+#    define ELPP_INTERNAL_ERROR(msg, pe) { \
+std::stringstream internalInfoStream; internalInfoStream << "<ERROR> " << msg; \
+ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR \
+<< "ERROR FROM EASYLOGGING++ (LINE: " << __LINE__ << ") " \
+<< ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_MSG(internalInfoStream.str()) << ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_ENDL; \
+if (pe) { ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_ERROR << "    "; ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_WRITE_PERROR; }} (void)0
+#  endif
+#else
+#  undef ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_ERROR(msg, pe)
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_DEBUG_ERRORS)
+#if (defined(ELPP_DEBUG_INFO))
+#  if !(defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO_LEVEL))
+#    define ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO_LEVEL 9
+#  endif  // !(defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO_LEVEL))
+#  if !defined(ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO)
+#    define ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO(lvl, msg) { if (lvl <= ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO_LEVEL) { \
+std::stringstream internalInfoStream; internalInfoStream << "<INFO> " << msg; \
+ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_OUT_INFO << ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_MSG(internalInfoStream.str()) \
+<< ELPP_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING_ENDL; }}
+#  endif
+#else
+#  undef ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO
+#  define ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO(lvl, msg)
+#endif  // (defined(ELPP_DEBUG_INFO))
+#if (defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL)) || (defined(ELPP_FEATURE_CRASH_LOG))
+#  if (ELPP_COMPILER_GCC && !ELPP_MINGW && !ELPP_OS_ANDROID)
+#    define ELPP_STACKTRACE 1
+#  else
+#      if ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#         pragma message("Stack trace not available for this compiler")
+#      else
+#         warning "Stack trace not available for this compiler";
+#      endif  // ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#    define ELPP_STACKTRACE 0
+#  endif  // ELPP_COMPILER_GCC
+#else
+#    define ELPP_STACKTRACE 0
+#endif  // (defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL)) || (defined(ELPP_FEATURE_CRASH_LOG))
+// Miscellaneous macros
+#define ELPP_UNUSED(x) (void)x
+#if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+// Log file permissions for unix-based systems
+#  define ELPP_LOG_PERMS S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IXUSR | S_IWGRP | S_IRGRP | S_IXGRP | S_IWOTH | S_IXOTH
+#endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#if defined(ELPP_AS_DLL) && ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#  if defined(ELPP_EXPORT_SYMBOLS)
+#    define ELPP_EXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
+#  else
+#    define ELPP_EXPORT __declspec(dllimport)
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_EXPORT_SYMBOLS)
+#else
+#  define ELPP_EXPORT
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_AS_DLL) && ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+// Some special functions that are VC++ specific
+#undef STRTOK
+#undef STRERROR
+#undef STRCAT
+#undef STRCPY
+#if ELPP_CRT_DBG_WARNINGS
+#  define STRTOK(a, b, c) strtok_s(a, b, c)
+#  define STRERROR(a, b, c) strerror_s(a, b, c)
+#  define STRCAT(a, b, len) strcat_s(a, len, b)
+#  define STRCPY(a, b, len) strcpy_s(a, len, b)
+#else
+#  define STRTOK(a, b, c) strtok(a, b)
+#  define STRERROR(a, b, c) strerror(c)
+#  define STRCAT(a, b, len) strcat(a, b)
+#  define STRCPY(a, b, len) strcpy(a, b)
+#endif
+// Compiler specific support evaluations
+#if (ELPP_MINGW && !defined(ELPP_FORCE_USE_STD_THREAD))
+#  define ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING 0
+#else
+#  if ((ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG && defined(ELPP_CLANG_SUPPORTS_THREAD)) || \
+       (!ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG && defined(ELPP_CXX11)) || \
+       defined(ELPP_FORCE_USE_STD_THREAD))
+#    define ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING 1
+#  else
+#    define ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+#undef ELPP_FINAL
+#if ELPP_COMPILER_INTEL || (ELPP_GCC_VERSION < 40702)
+#  define ELPP_FINAL
+#else
+#  define ELPP_FINAL final
+#endif  // ELPP_COMPILER_INTEL || (ELPP_GCC_VERSION < 40702)
+#if defined(ELPP_EXPERIMENTAL_ASYNC)
+#  define ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING 0
+#endif // defined(ELPP_EXPERIMENTAL_ASYNC)
+#if defined(ELPP_THREAD_SAFE) || ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+#  define ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED 0
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_THREAD_SAFE) || ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+// Function macro ELPP_FUNC
+#undef ELPP_FUNC
+#if ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC  // Visual C++
+#  define ELPP_FUNC __FUNCSIG__
+#elif ELPP_COMPILER_GCC  // GCC
+#  define ELPP_FUNC __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
+#elif ELPP_COMPILER_INTEL  // Intel C++
+#  define ELPP_FUNC __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
+#elif ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG  // Clang++
+#  define ELPP_FUNC __PRETTY_FUNCTION__
+#else
+#  if defined(__func__)
+#    define ELPP_FUNC __func__
+#  else
+#    define ELPP_FUNC ""
+#  endif  // defined(__func__)
+#endif  // defined(_MSC_VER)
+#undef ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+// Keep following line commented until features are fixed
+#define ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED \
+(ELPP_COMPILER_GCC || ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG || ELPP_COMPILER_INTEL || (ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC && _MSC_VER >= 1800))
+// Logging Enable/Disable macros
+#if defined(ELPP_DISABLE_LOGS)
+#define ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED 0
+#else
+#define ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED 1
+#endif
+#if (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_DEBUG_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED) && ((defined(_DEBUG)) || (!defined(NDEBUG))))
+#  define ELPP_DEBUG_LOG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_DEBUG_LOG 0
+#endif  // (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_DEBUG_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED) && ((defined(_DEBUG)) || (!defined(NDEBUG))))
+#if (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_INFO_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#  define ELPP_INFO_LOG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_INFO_LOG 0
+#endif  // (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_INFO_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#if (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_WARNING_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#  define ELPP_WARNING_LOG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_WARNING_LOG 0
+#endif  // (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_WARNING_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#if (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_ERROR_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#  define ELPP_ERROR_LOG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_ERROR_LOG 0
+#endif  // (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_ERROR_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#if (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_FATAL_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#  define ELPP_FATAL_LOG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_FATAL_LOG 0
+#endif  // (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_FATAL_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#if (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_TRACE_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#  define ELPP_TRACE_LOG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_TRACE_LOG 0
+#endif  // (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_TRACE_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#if (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_VERBOSE_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#  define ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG 1
+#else
+#  define ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG 0
+#endif  // (!defined(ELPP_DISABLE_VERBOSE_LOGS) && (ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED))
+#if (!(ELPP_CXX0X || ELPP_CXX11))
+#   error "C++0x (or higher) support not detected! (Is `-std=c++11' missing?)"
+#endif  // (!(ELPP_CXX0X || ELPP_CXX11))
+// Headers
+#if defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+#   include <syslog.h>
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+#include <ctime>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cwchar>
+#include <csignal>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+#   include <locale>
+#  if ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+#      include <codecvt>
+#  endif // ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+#if ELPP_STACKTRACE
+#   include <cxxabi.h>
+#   include <execinfo.h>
+#endif  // ELPP_STACKTRACE
+#if ELPP_OS_ANDROID
+#   include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#endif  // ELPP_OS_ANDROID
+#if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#   include <sys/stat.h>
+#   include <sys/time.h>
+#elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+#   include <direct.h>
+#   include <windows.h>
+#  if defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+#      if defined(ELPP_WINSOCK2)
+#         include <winsock2.h>
+#      else
+#         include <winsock.h>
+#      endif // defined(ELPP_WINSOCK2)
+#  endif // defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+#endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <map>
+#include <utility>
+#include <functional>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+#if ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED
+#  if ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING
+#      include <mutex>
+#      include <thread>
+#  else
+#      if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#         include <pthread.h>
+#      endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#  endif  // ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING
+#endif  // ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+#  if defined(ELPP_NO_SLEEP_FOR)
+#      include <unistd.h>
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_NO_SLEEP_FOR)
+#   include <thread>
+#   include <queue>
+#   include <condition_variable>
+#endif  // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+#if defined(ELPP_STL_LOGGING)
+// For logging STL based templates
+#   include <list>
+#   include <queue>
+#   include <deque>
+#   include <set>
+#   include <bitset>
+#   include <stack>
+#  if defined(ELPP_LOG_STD_ARRAY)
+#      include <array>
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_LOG_STD_ARRAY)
+#  if defined(ELPP_LOG_UNORDERED_MAP)
+#      include <unordered_map>
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_LOG_UNORDERED_MAP)
+#  if defined(ELPP_LOG_UNORDERED_SET)
+#      include <unordered_set>
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_UNORDERED_SET)
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_STL_LOGGING)
+#if defined(ELPP_QT_LOGGING)
+// For logging Qt based classes & templates
+#   include <QString>
+#   include <QByteArray>
+#   include <QVector>
+#   include <QList>
+#   include <QPair>
+#   include <QMap>
+#   include <QQueue>
+#   include <QSet>
+#   include <QLinkedList>
+#   include <QHash>
+#   include <QMultiHash>
+#   include <QStack>
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_QT_LOGGING)
+#if defined(ELPP_BOOST_LOGGING)
+// For logging boost based classes & templates
+#   include <boost/container/vector.hpp>
+#   include <boost/container/stable_vector.hpp>
+#   include <boost/container/list.hpp>
+#   include <boost/container/deque.hpp>
+#   include <boost/container/map.hpp>
+#   include <boost/container/flat_map.hpp>
+#   include <boost/container/set.hpp>
+#   include <boost/container/flat_set.hpp>
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_BOOST_LOGGING)
+#if defined(ELPP_WXWIDGETS_LOGGING)
+// For logging wxWidgets based classes & templates
+#   include <wx/vector.h>
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_WXWIDGETS_LOGGING)
+#if defined(ELPP_UTC_DATETIME)
+#   define elpptime_r gmtime_r
+#   define elpptime_s gmtime_s
+#   define elpptime   gmtime
+#else
+#   define elpptime_r localtime_r
+#   define elpptime_s localtime_s
+#   define elpptime   localtime
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_UTC_DATETIME)
+// Forward declarations
+namespace el {
+class Logger;
+class LogMessage;
+class PerformanceTrackingData;
+class Loggers;
+class Helpers;
+template <typename T> class Callback;
+class LogDispatchCallback;
+class PerformanceTrackingCallback;
+class LoggerRegistrationCallback;
+class LogDispatchData;
+namespace base {
+class Storage;
+class RegisteredLoggers;
+class PerformanceTracker;
+class MessageBuilder;
+class Writer;
+class PErrorWriter;
+class LogDispatcher;
+class DefaultLogBuilder;
+class DefaultLogDispatchCallback;
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+class AsyncLogDispatchCallback;
+class AsyncDispatchWorker;
+#endif // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+class DefaultPerformanceTrackingCallback;
+}  // namespace base
+}  // namespace el
+/// @brief Easylogging++ entry namespace
+namespace el {
+/// @brief Namespace containing base/internal functionality used by Easylogging++
+namespace base {
+/// @brief Data types used by Easylogging++
+namespace type {
+#undef ELPP_LITERAL
+#undef ELPP_STRLEN
+#undef ELPP_COUT
+#if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+#  define ELPP_LITERAL(txt) L##txt
+#  define ELPP_STRLEN wcslen
+#  if defined ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT
+#    define ELPP_COUT ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT
+#  else
+#    define ELPP_COUT std::wcout
+#  endif  // defined ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT
+typedef wchar_t char_t;
+typedef std::wstring string_t;
+typedef std::wstringstream stringstream_t;
+typedef std::wfstream fstream_t;
+typedef std::wostream ostream_t;
+#else
+#  define ELPP_LITERAL(txt) txt
+#  define ELPP_STRLEN strlen
+#  if defined ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT
+#    define ELPP_COUT ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT
+#  else
+#    define ELPP_COUT std::cout
+#  endif  // defined ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT
+typedef char char_t;
+typedef std::string string_t;
+typedef std::stringstream stringstream_t;
+typedef std::fstream fstream_t;
+typedef std::ostream ostream_t;
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+#if defined(ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT_LINE)
+#  define ELPP_COUT_LINE(logLine) ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT_LINE(logLine)
+#else
+#  define ELPP_COUT_LINE(logLine) logLine << std::flush
+#endif // defined(ELPP_CUSTOM_COUT_LINE)
+typedef unsigned int EnumType;
+typedef unsigned short VerboseLevel;
+typedef unsigned long int LineNumber;
+typedef std::shared_ptr<base::Storage> StoragePointer;
+typedef std::shared_ptr<LogDispatchCallback> LogDispatchCallbackPtr;
+typedef std::shared_ptr<PerformanceTrackingCallback> PerformanceTrackingCallbackPtr;
+typedef std::shared_ptr<LoggerRegistrationCallback> LoggerRegistrationCallbackPtr;
+typedef std::unique_ptr<el::base::PerformanceTracker> PerformanceTrackerPtr;
+}  // namespace type
+/// @brief Internal helper class that prevent copy constructor for class
+///
+/// @detail When using this class simply inherit it privately
+class NoCopy {
+ protected:
+  NoCopy(void) {}
+ private:
+  NoCopy(const NoCopy&);
+  NoCopy& operator=(const NoCopy&);
+};
+/// @brief Internal helper class that makes all default constructors private.
+///
+/// @detail This prevents initializing class making it static unless an explicit constructor is declared.
+/// When using this class simply inherit it privately
+class StaticClass {
+ private:
+  StaticClass(void);
+  StaticClass(const StaticClass&);
+  StaticClass& operator=(const StaticClass&);
+};
+}  // namespace base
+/// @brief Represents enumeration for severity level used to determine level of logging
+///
+/// @detail With Easylogging++, developers may disable or enable any level regardless of
+/// what the severity is. Or they can choose to log using hierarchical logging flag
+enum class Level : base::type::EnumType {
+  /// @brief Generic level that represents all the levels. Useful when setting global configuration for all levels
+  Global = 1,
+  /// @brief Information that can be useful to back-trace certain events - mostly useful than debug logs.
+  Trace = 2,
+  /// @brief Informational events most useful for developers to debug application
+  Debug = 4,
+  /// @brief Severe error information that will presumably abort application
+  Fatal = 8,
+  /// @brief Information representing errors in application but application will keep running
+  Error = 16,
+  /// @brief Useful when application has potentially harmful situtaions
+  Warning = 32,
+  /// @brief Information that can be highly useful and vary with verbose logging level.
+  Verbose = 64,
+  /// @brief Mainly useful to represent current progress of application
+  Info = 128,
+  /// @brief Represents unknown level
+  Unknown = 1010
+};
+/// @brief Static class that contains helper functions for el::Level
+class LevelHelper : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Represents minimum valid level. Useful when iterating through enum.
+  static const base::type::EnumType kMinValid = static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(Level::Trace);
+  /// @brief Represents maximum valid level. This is used internally and you should not need it.
+  static const base::type::EnumType kMaxValid = static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(Level::Info);
+  /// @brief Casts level to int, useful for iterating through enum.
+  static base::type::EnumType castToInt(Level level) {
+    return static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(level);
+  }
+  /// @brief Casts int(ushort) to level, useful for iterating through enum.
+  static Level castFromInt(base::type::EnumType l) {
+    return static_cast<Level>(l);
+  }
+  /// @brief Converts level to associated const char*
+  /// @return Upper case string based level.
+  static const char* convertToString(Level level);
+  /// @brief Converts from levelStr to Level
+  /// @param levelStr Upper case string based level.
+  ///        Lower case is also valid but providing upper case is recommended.
+  static Level convertFromString(const char* levelStr);
+  /// @brief Applies specified function to each level starting from startIndex
+  /// @param startIndex initial value to start the iteration from. This is passed as pointer and
+  ///        is left-shifted so this can be used inside function (fn) to represent current level.
+  /// @param fn function to apply with each level. This bool represent whether or not to stop iterating through levels.
+  static void forEachLevel(base::type::EnumType* startIndex, const std::function<bool(void)>& fn);
+};
+/// @brief Represents enumeration of ConfigurationType used to configure or access certain aspect
+/// of logging
+enum class ConfigurationType : base::type::EnumType {
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not corresponding level and logger of logging is enabled
+  /// You may disable all logs by using el::Level::Global
+  Enabled = 1,
+  /// @brief Whether or not to write corresponding log to log file
+  ToFile = 2,
+  /// @brief Whether or not to write corresponding level and logger log to standard output.
+  /// By standard output meaning termnal, command prompt etc
+  ToStandardOutput = 4,
+  /// @brief Determines format of logging corresponding level and logger.
+  Format = 8,
+  /// @brief Determines log file (full path) to write logs to for correponding level and logger
+  Filename = 16,
+  /// @brief Specifies precision of the subsecond part. It should be within range (1-6).
+  SubsecondPrecision = 32,
+  /// @brief Alias of SubsecondPrecision (for backward compatibility)
+  MillisecondsWidth = SubsecondPrecision,
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not performance tracking is enabled.
+  ///
+  /// @detail This does not depend on logger or level. Performance tracking always uses 'performance' logger
+  PerformanceTracking = 64,
+  /// @brief Specifies log file max size.
+  ///
+  /// @detail If file size of corresponding log file (for corresponding level) is >= specified size, log file will
+  /// be truncated and re-initiated.
+  MaxLogFileSize = 128,
+  /// @brief Specifies number of log entries to hold until we flush pending log data
+  LogFlushThreshold = 256,
+  /// @brief Represents unknown configuration
+  Unknown = 1010
+};
+/// @brief Static class that contains helper functions for el::ConfigurationType
+class ConfigurationTypeHelper : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Represents minimum valid configuration type. Useful when iterating through enum.
+  static const base::type::EnumType kMinValid = static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(ConfigurationType::Enabled);
+  /// @brief Represents maximum valid configuration type. This is used internally and you should not need it.
+  static const base::type::EnumType kMaxValid = static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(ConfigurationType::MaxLogFileSize);
+  /// @brief Casts configuration type to int, useful for iterating through enum.
+  static base::type::EnumType castToInt(ConfigurationType configurationType) {
+    return static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(configurationType);
+  }
+  /// @brief Casts int(ushort) to configurationt type, useful for iterating through enum.
+  static ConfigurationType castFromInt(base::type::EnumType c) {
+    return static_cast<ConfigurationType>(c);
+  }
+  /// @brief Converts configuration type to associated const char*
+  /// @returns Upper case string based configuration type.
+  static const char* convertToString(ConfigurationType configurationType);
+  /// @brief Converts from configStr to ConfigurationType
+  /// @param configStr Upper case string based configuration type.
+  ///        Lower case is also valid but providing upper case is recommended.
+  static ConfigurationType convertFromString(const char* configStr);
+  /// @brief Applies specified function to each configuration type starting from startIndex
+  /// @param startIndex initial value to start the iteration from. This is passed by pointer and is left-shifted
+  ///        so this can be used inside function (fn) to represent current configuration type.
+  /// @param fn function to apply with each configuration type.
+  ///        This bool represent whether or not to stop iterating through configurations.
+  static inline void forEachConfigType(base::type::EnumType* startIndex, const std::function<bool(void)>& fn);
+};
+/// @brief Flags used while writing logs. This flags are set by user
+enum class LoggingFlag : base::type::EnumType {
+  /// @brief Makes sure we have new line for each container log entry
+  NewLineForContainer = 1,
+  /// @brief Makes sure if -vmodule is used and does not specifies a module, then verbose
+  /// logging is allowed via that module.
+  AllowVerboseIfModuleNotSpecified = 2,
+  /// @brief When handling crashes by default, detailed crash reason will be logged as well
+  LogDetailedCrashReason = 4,
+  /// @brief Allows to disable application abortion when logged using FATAL level
+  DisableApplicationAbortOnFatalLog = 8,
+  /// @brief Flushes log with every log-entry (performance sensative) - Disabled by default
+  ImmediateFlush = 16,
+  /// @brief Enables strict file rolling
+  StrictLogFileSizeCheck = 32,
+  /// @brief Make terminal output colorful for supported terminals
+  ColoredTerminalOutput = 64,
+  /// @brief Supports use of multiple logging in same macro, e.g, CLOG(INFO, "default", "network")
+  MultiLoggerSupport = 128,
+  /// @brief Disables comparing performance tracker's checkpoints
+  DisablePerformanceTrackingCheckpointComparison = 256,
+  /// @brief Disable VModules
+  DisableVModules = 512,
+  /// @brief Disable VModules extensions
+  DisableVModulesExtensions = 1024,
+  /// @brief Enables hierarchical logging
+  HierarchicalLogging = 2048,
+  /// @brief Creates logger automatically when not available
+  CreateLoggerAutomatically = 4096,
+  /// @brief Adds spaces b/w logs that separated by left-shift operator
+  AutoSpacing = 8192,
+  /// @brief Preserves time format and does not convert it to sec, hour etc (performance tracking only)
+  FixedTimeFormat = 16384
+};
+namespace base {
+/// @brief Namespace containing constants used internally.
+namespace consts {
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunused-variable"
+#endif
+// Level log values - These are values that are replaced in place of %level format specifier
+// Extra spaces after format specifiers are only for readability purposes in log files
+static const base::type::char_t* kInfoLevelLogValue     =   ELPP_LITERAL("INFO");
+static const base::type::char_t* kDebugLevelLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("DEBUG");
+static const base::type::char_t* kWarningLevelLogValue  =   ELPP_LITERAL("WARNING");
+static const base::type::char_t* kErrorLevelLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("ERROR");
+static const base::type::char_t* kFatalLevelLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("FATAL");
+static const base::type::char_t* kVerboseLevelLogValue  =
+  ELPP_LITERAL("VERBOSE"); // will become VERBOSE-x where x = verbose level
+static const base::type::char_t* kTraceLevelLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("TRACE");
+static const base::type::char_t* kInfoLevelShortLogValue     =   ELPP_LITERAL("I");
+static const base::type::char_t* kDebugLevelShortLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("D");
+static const base::type::char_t* kWarningLevelShortLogValue  =   ELPP_LITERAL("W");
+static const base::type::char_t* kErrorLevelShortLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("E");
+static const base::type::char_t* kFatalLevelShortLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("F");
+static const base::type::char_t* kVerboseLevelShortLogValue  =   ELPP_LITERAL("V");
+static const base::type::char_t* kTraceLevelShortLogValue    =   ELPP_LITERAL("T");
+// Format specifiers - These are used to define log format
+static const base::type::char_t* kAppNameFormatSpecifier          =      ELPP_LITERAL("%app");
+static const base::type::char_t* kLoggerIdFormatSpecifier         =      ELPP_LITERAL("%logger");
+static const base::type::char_t* kThreadIdFormatSpecifier         =      ELPP_LITERAL("%thread");
+static const base::type::char_t* kSeverityLevelFormatSpecifier    =      ELPP_LITERAL("%level");
+static const base::type::char_t* kSeverityLevelShortFormatSpecifier    =      ELPP_LITERAL("%levshort");
+static const base::type::char_t* kDateTimeFormatSpecifier         =      ELPP_LITERAL("%datetime");
+static const base::type::char_t* kLogFileFormatSpecifier          =      ELPP_LITERAL("%file");
+static const base::type::char_t* kLogFileBaseFormatSpecifier      =      ELPP_LITERAL("%fbase");
+static const base::type::char_t* kLogLineFormatSpecifier          =      ELPP_LITERAL("%line");
+static const base::type::char_t* kLogLocationFormatSpecifier      =      ELPP_LITERAL("%loc");
+static const base::type::char_t* kLogFunctionFormatSpecifier      =      ELPP_LITERAL("%func");
+static const base::type::char_t* kCurrentUserFormatSpecifier      =      ELPP_LITERAL("%user");
+static const base::type::char_t* kCurrentHostFormatSpecifier      =      ELPP_LITERAL("%host");
+static const base::type::char_t* kMessageFormatSpecifier          =      ELPP_LITERAL("%msg");
+static const base::type::char_t* kVerboseLevelFormatSpecifier     =      ELPP_LITERAL("%vlevel");
+static const char* kDateTimeFormatSpecifierForFilename            =      "%datetime";
+// Date/time
+static const char* kDays[7]                         =      { "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday" };
+static const char* kDaysAbbrev[7]                   =      { "Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat" };
+static const char* kMonths[12]                      =      { "January", "February", "March", "Apri", "May", "June", "July", "August",
+                                                             "September", "October", "November", "December"
+                                                           };
+static const char* kMonthsAbbrev[12]                =      { "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec" };
+static const char* kDefaultDateTimeFormat           =      "%Y-%M-%d %H:%m:%s,%g";
+static const char* kDefaultDateTimeFormatInFilename =      "%Y-%M-%d_%H-%m";
+static const int kYearBase                          =      1900;
+static const char* kAm                              =      "AM";
+static const char* kPm                              =      "PM";
+// Miscellaneous constants
+#ifdef ELPP_DEFAULT_LOGGER
+static const char* kDefaultLoggerId                        =      ELPP_DEFAULT_LOGGER;
+#else
+static const char* kDefaultLoggerId                        =      "default";
+#endif
+#ifdef ELPP_DEFAULT_PERFORMANCE_LOGGER
+static const char* kPerformanceLoggerId                    =      ELPP_DEFAULT_PERFORMANCE_LOGGER;
+#else
+static const char* kPerformanceLoggerId                    =      "performance";
+#endif
+#if defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+static const char* kSysLogLoggerId                         =      "syslog";
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+static const char* kNullPointer                            =      "nullptr";
+static const char  kFormatSpecifierChar                    =      '%';
+#if ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+static const char  kFormatSpecifierCharValue               =      'v';
+#endif  // ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+static const unsigned int kMaxLogPerContainer              =      100;
+static const unsigned int kMaxLogPerCounter                =      100000;
+static const unsigned int kDefaultSubsecondPrecision       =      3;
+static const base::type::VerboseLevel kMaxVerboseLevel     =      9;
+static const char* kUnknownUser                            =      "user";
+static const char* kUnknownHost                            =      "unknown-host";
+#if defined(ELPP_DEFAULT_LOG_FILE)
+static const char* kDefaultLogFile                         =      ELPP_DEFAULT_LOG_FILE;
+#else
+#  if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#      if ELPP_OS_ANDROID
+static const char* kDefaultLogFile                         =      "logs/myeasylog.log";
+#      else
+static const char* kDefaultLogFile                         =      "logs/myeasylog.log";
+#      endif  // ELPP_OS_ANDROID
+#  elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+static const char* kDefaultLogFile                         =      "logs\\myeasylog.log";
+#  endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_DEFAULT_LOG_FILE)
+#if !defined(ELPP_DISABLE_LOG_FILE_FROM_ARG)
+static const char* kDefaultLogFileParam                    =      "--default-log-file";
+#endif  // !defined(ELPP_DISABLE_LOG_FILE_FROM_ARG)
+#if defined(ELPP_LOGGING_FLAGS_FROM_ARG)
+static const char* kLoggingFlagsParam                      =      "--logging-flags";
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_LOGGING_FLAGS_FROM_ARG)
+#if ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+static const char* kFilePathSeperator                      =      "\\";
+#else
+static const char* kFilePathSeperator                      =      "/";
+#endif  // ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+static const char* kValidLoggerIdSymbols                   =
+  "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789-._";
+static const char* kConfigurationComment                   =      "##";
+static const char* kConfigurationLevel                     =      "*";
+static const char* kConfigurationLoggerId                  =      "--";
+static const std::size_t kSourceFilenameMaxLength          =      100;
+static const std::size_t kSourceLineMaxLength              =      10;
+static const Level kPerformanceTrackerDefaultLevel         =      Level::Info;
+const struct {
+  double value;
+  const base::type::char_t* unit;
+} kTimeFormats[] = {
+  { 1000.0f, ELPP_LITERAL("us") },
+  { 1000.0f, ELPP_LITERAL("ms") },
+  { 60.0f, ELPP_LITERAL("seconds") },
+  { 60.0f, ELPP_LITERAL("minutes") },
+  { 24.0f, ELPP_LITERAL("hours") },
+  { 7.0f, ELPP_LITERAL("days") }
+};
+static const int kTimeFormatsCount                           =      sizeof(kTimeFormats) / sizeof(kTimeFormats[0]);
+const struct {
+  int numb;
+  const char* name;
+  const char* brief;
+  const char* detail;
+} kCrashSignals[] = {
+  // NOTE: Do not re-order, if you do please check CrashHandler(bool) constructor and CrashHandler::setHandler(..)
+  {
+    SIGABRT, "SIGABRT", "Abnormal termination",
+    "Program was abnormally terminated."
+  },
+  {
+    SIGFPE, "SIGFPE", "Erroneous arithmetic operation",
+    "Arithemetic operation issue such as division by zero or operation resulting in overflow."
+  },
+  {
+    SIGILL, "SIGILL", "Illegal instruction",
+    "Generally due to a corruption in the code or to an attempt to execute data."
+  },
+  {
+    SIGSEGV, "SIGSEGV", "Invalid access to memory",
+    "Program is trying to read an invalid (unallocated, deleted or corrupted) or inaccessible memory."
+  },
+  {
+    SIGINT, "SIGINT", "Interactive attention signal",
+    "Interruption generated (generally) by user or operating system."
+  },
+};
+static const int kCrashSignalsCount                          =      sizeof(kCrashSignals) / sizeof(kCrashSignals[0]);
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+}  // namespace consts
+}  // namespace base
+typedef std::function<void(const char*, std::size_t)> PreRollOutCallback;
+namespace base {
+static inline void defaultPreRollOutCallback(const char*, std::size_t) {}
+/// @brief Enum to represent timestamp unit
+enum class TimestampUnit : base::type::EnumType {
+  Microsecond = 0, Millisecond = 1, Second = 2, Minute = 3, Hour = 4, Day = 5
+};
+/// @brief Format flags used to determine specifiers that are active for performance improvements.
+enum class FormatFlags : base::type::EnumType {
+  DateTime = 1 << 1,
+  LoggerId = 1 << 2,
+  File = 1 << 3,
+  Line = 1 << 4,
+  Location = 1 << 5,
+  Function = 1 << 6,
+  User = 1 << 7,
+  Host = 1 << 8,
+  LogMessage = 1 << 9,
+  VerboseLevel = 1 << 10,
+  AppName = 1 << 11,
+  ThreadId = 1 << 12,
+  Level = 1 << 13,
+  FileBase = 1 << 14,
+  LevelShort = 1 << 15
+};
+/// @brief A subsecond precision class containing actual width and offset of the subsecond part
+class SubsecondPrecision {
+ public:
+  SubsecondPrecision(void) {
+    init(base::consts::kDefaultSubsecondPrecision);
+  }
+  explicit SubsecondPrecision(int width) {
+    init(width);
+  }
+  bool operator==(const SubsecondPrecision& ssPrec) {
+    return m_width == ssPrec.m_width && m_offset == ssPrec.m_offset;
+  }
+  int m_width;
+  unsigned int m_offset;
+ private:
+  void init(int width);
+};
+/// @brief Type alias of SubsecondPrecision
+typedef SubsecondPrecision MillisecondsWidth;
+/// @brief Namespace containing utility functions/static classes used internally
+namespace utils {
+/// @brief Deletes memory safely and points to null
+template <typename T>
+static
+typename std::enable_if<std::is_pointer<T*>::value, void>::type
+safeDelete(T*& pointer) {
+  if (pointer == nullptr)
+    return;
+  delete pointer;
+  pointer = nullptr;
+}
+/// @brief Bitwise operations for C++11 strong enum class. This casts e into Flag_T and returns value after bitwise operation
+/// Use these function as <pre>flag = bitwise::Or<MyEnum>(MyEnum::val1, flag);</pre>
+namespace bitwise {
+template <typename Enum>
+static inline base::type::EnumType And(Enum e, base::type::EnumType flag) {
+  return static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(flag) & static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(e);
+}
+template <typename Enum>
+static inline base::type::EnumType Not(Enum e, base::type::EnumType flag) {
+  return static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(flag) & ~(static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(e));
+}
+template <typename Enum>
+static inline base::type::EnumType Or(Enum e, base::type::EnumType flag) {
+  return static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(flag) | static_cast<base::type::EnumType>(e);
+}
+}  // namespace bitwise
+template <typename Enum>
+static inline void addFlag(Enum e, base::type::EnumType* flag) {
+  *flag = base::utils::bitwise::Or<Enum>(e, *flag);
+}
+template <typename Enum>
+static inline void removeFlag(Enum e, base::type::EnumType* flag) {
+  *flag = base::utils::bitwise::Not<Enum>(e, *flag);
+}
+template <typename Enum>
+static inline bool hasFlag(Enum e, base::type::EnumType flag) {
+  return base::utils::bitwise::And<Enum>(e, flag) > 0x0;
+}
+}  // namespace utils
+namespace threading {
+#if ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED
+#  if !ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING
+namespace internal {
+/// @brief A mutex wrapper for compiler that dont yet support std::recursive_mutex
+class Mutex : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  Mutex(void) {
+#  if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+    pthread_mutexattr_t attr;
+    pthread_mutexattr_init(&attr);
+    pthread_mutexattr_settype(&attr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_RECURSIVE);
+    pthread_mutex_init(&m_underlyingMutex, &attr);
+    pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&attr);
+#  elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+    InitializeCriticalSection(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+  }
+
+  virtual ~Mutex(void) {
+#  if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+    pthread_mutex_destroy(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+    DeleteCriticalSection(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+  }
+
+  inline void lock(void) {
+#  if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+    EnterCriticalSection(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+  }
+
+  inline bool try_lock(void) {
+#  if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+    return (pthread_mutex_trylock(&m_underlyingMutex) == 0);
+#  elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+    return TryEnterCriticalSection(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+  }
+
+  inline void unlock(void) {
+#  if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+    LeaveCriticalSection(&m_underlyingMutex);
+#  endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+  }
+
+ private:
+#  if ELPP_OS_UNIX
+  pthread_mutex_t m_underlyingMutex;
+#  elif ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+  CRITICAL_SECTION m_underlyingMutex;
+#  endif  // ELPP_OS_UNIX
+};
+/// @brief Scoped lock for compiler that dont yet support std::lock_guard
+template <typename M>
+class ScopedLock : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  explicit ScopedLock(M& mutex) {
+    m_mutex = &mutex;
+    m_mutex->lock();
+  }
+
+  virtual ~ScopedLock(void) {
+    m_mutex->unlock();
+  }
+ private:
+  M* m_mutex;
+  ScopedLock(void);
+};
+} // namespace internal
+typedef base::threading::internal::Mutex Mutex;
+typedef base::threading::internal::ScopedLock<base::threading::Mutex> ScopedLock;
+#  else
+typedef std::recursive_mutex Mutex;
+typedef std::lock_guard<base::threading::Mutex> ScopedLock;
+#  endif  // !ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING
+#else
+namespace internal {
+/// @brief Mutex wrapper used when multi-threading is disabled.
+class NoMutex : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  NoMutex(void) {}
+  inline void lock(void) {}
+  inline bool try_lock(void) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  inline void unlock(void) {}
+};
+/// @brief Lock guard wrapper used when multi-threading is disabled.
+template <typename Mutex>
+class NoScopedLock : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  explicit NoScopedLock(Mutex&) {
+  }
+  virtual ~NoScopedLock(void) {
+  }
+ private:
+  NoScopedLock(void);
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+typedef base::threading::internal::NoMutex Mutex;
+typedef base::threading::internal::NoScopedLock<base::threading::Mutex> ScopedLock;
+#endif  // ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED
+/// @brief Base of thread safe class, this class is inheritable-only
+class ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+  virtual inline void acquireLock(void) ELPP_FINAL { m_mutex.lock(); }
+  virtual inline void releaseLock(void) ELPP_FINAL { m_mutex.unlock(); }
+  virtual inline base::threading::Mutex& lock(void) ELPP_FINAL { return m_mutex; }
+ protected:
+  ThreadSafe(void) {}
+  virtual ~ThreadSafe(void) {}
+ private:
+  base::threading::Mutex m_mutex;
+};
+
+#if ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED
+#  if !ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING
+/// @brief Gets ID of currently running threading in windows systems. On unix, nothing is returned.
+static std::string getCurrentThreadId(void) {
+  std::stringstream ss;
+#      if (ELPP_OS_WINDOWS)
+  ss << GetCurrentThreadId();
+#      endif  // (ELPP_OS_WINDOWS)
+  return ss.str();
+}
+#  else
+/// @brief Gets ID of currently running threading using std::this_thread::get_id()
+static std::string getCurrentThreadId(void) {
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  ss << std::this_thread::get_id();
+  return ss.str();
+}
+#  endif  // !ELPP_USE_STD_THREADING
+#else
+static inline std::string getCurrentThreadId(void) {
+  return std::string();
+}
+#endif  // ELPP_THREADING_ENABLED
+}  // namespace threading
+namespace utils {
+class File : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Creates new out file stream for specified filename.
+  /// @return Pointer to newly created fstream or nullptr
+  static base::type::fstream_t* newFileStream(const std::string& filename);
+
+  /// @brief Gets size of file provided in stream
+  static std::size_t getSizeOfFile(base::type::fstream_t* fs);
+
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not provided path exist in current file system
+  static bool pathExists(const char* path, bool considerFile = false);
+
+  /// @brief Creates specified path on file system
+  /// @param path Path to create.
+  static bool createPath(const std::string& path);
+  /// @brief Extracts path of filename with leading slash
+  static std::string extractPathFromFilename(const std::string& fullPath,
+      const char* seperator = base::consts::kFilePathSeperator);
+  /// @brief builds stripped filename and puts it in buff
+  static void buildStrippedFilename(const char* filename, char buff[],
+                                    std::size_t limit = base::consts::kSourceFilenameMaxLength);
+  /// @brief builds base filename and puts it in buff
+  static void buildBaseFilename(const std::string& fullPath, char buff[],
+                                std::size_t limit = base::consts::kSourceFilenameMaxLength,
+                                const char* seperator = base::consts::kFilePathSeperator);
+};
+/// @brief String utilities helper class used internally. You should not use it.
+class Str : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Checks if character is digit. Dont use libc implementation of it to prevent locale issues.
+  static inline bool isDigit(char c) {
+    return c >= '0' && c <= '9';
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Matches wildcards, '*' and '?' only supported.
+  static bool wildCardMatch(const char* str, const char* pattern);
+
+  static std::string& ltrim(std::string& str);
+  static std::string& rtrim(std::string& str);
+  static std::string& trim(std::string& str);
+
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not str starts with specified string
+  /// @param str String to check
+  /// @param start String to check against
+  /// @return Returns true if starts with specified string, false otherwise
+  static bool startsWith(const std::string& str, const std::string& start);
+
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not str ends with specified string
+  /// @param str String to check
+  /// @param end String to check against
+  /// @return Returns true if ends with specified string, false otherwise
+  static bool endsWith(const std::string& str, const std::string& end);
+
+  /// @brief Replaces all instances of replaceWhat with 'replaceWith'. Original variable is changed for performance.
+  /// @param [in,out] str String to replace from
+  /// @param replaceWhat Character to replace
+  /// @param replaceWith Character to replace with
+  /// @return Modified version of str
+  static std::string& replaceAll(std::string& str, char replaceWhat, char replaceWith);
+
+  /// @brief Replaces all instances of 'replaceWhat' with 'replaceWith'. (String version) Replaces in place
+  /// @param str String to replace from
+  /// @param replaceWhat Character to replace
+  /// @param replaceWith Character to replace with
+  /// @return Modified (original) str
+  static std::string& replaceAll(std::string& str, const std::string& replaceWhat,
+                                 const std::string& replaceWith);
+
+  static void replaceFirstWithEscape(base::type::string_t& str, const base::type::string_t& replaceWhat,
+                                     const base::type::string_t& replaceWith);
+#if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+  static void replaceFirstWithEscape(base::type::string_t& str, const base::type::string_t& replaceWhat,
+                                     const std::string& replaceWith);
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+  /// @brief Converts string to uppercase
+  /// @param str String to convert
+  /// @return Uppercase string
+  static std::string& toUpper(std::string& str);
+
+  /// @brief Compares cstring equality - uses strcmp
+  static bool cStringEq(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+
+  /// @brief Compares cstring equality (case-insensitive) - uses toupper(char)
+  /// Dont use strcasecmp because of CRT (VC++)
+  static bool cStringCaseEq(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+
+  /// @brief Returns true if c exist in str
+  static bool contains(const char* str, char c);
+
+  static char* convertAndAddToBuff(std::size_t n, int len, char* buf, const char* bufLim, bool zeroPadded = true);
+  static char* addToBuff(const char* str, char* buf, const char* bufLim);
+  static char* clearBuff(char buff[], std::size_t lim);
+
+  /// @brief Converst wchar* to char*
+  ///        NOTE: Need to free return value after use!
+  static char* wcharPtrToCharPtr(const wchar_t* line);
+};
+/// @brief Operating System helper static class used internally. You should not use it.
+class OS : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+#if ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+  /// @brief Gets environment variables for Windows based OS.
+  ///        We are not using <code>getenv(const char*)</code> because of CRT deprecation
+  /// @param varname Variable name to get environment variable value for
+  /// @return If variable exist the value of it otherwise nullptr
+  static const char* getWindowsEnvironmentVariable(const char* varname);
+#endif  // ELPP_OS_WINDOWS
+#if ELPP_OS_ANDROID
+  /// @brief Reads android property value
+  static std::string getProperty(const char* prop);
+
+  /// @brief Reads android device name
+  static std::string getDeviceName(void);
+#endif  // ELPP_OS_ANDROID
+
+  /// @brief Runs command on terminal and returns the output.
+  ///
+  /// @detail This is applicable only on unix based systems, for all other OS, an empty string is returned.
+  /// @param command Bash command
+  /// @return Result of bash output or empty string if no result found.
+  static const std::string getBashOutput(const char* command);
+
+  /// @brief Gets environment variable. This is cross-platform and CRT safe (for VC++)
+  /// @param variableName Environment variable name
+  /// @param defaultVal If no environment variable or value found the value to return by default
+  /// @param alternativeBashCommand If environment variable not found what would be alternative bash command
+  ///        in order to look for value user is looking for. E.g, for 'user' alternative command will 'whoami'
+  static std::string getEnvironmentVariable(const char* variableName, const char* defaultVal,
+      const char* alternativeBashCommand = nullptr);
+  /// @brief Gets current username.
+  static std::string currentUser(void);
+
+  /// @brief Gets current host name or computer name.
+  ///
+  /// @detail For android systems this is device name with its manufacturer and model seperated by hyphen
+  static std::string currentHost(void);
+  /// @brief Whether or not terminal supports colors
+  static bool termSupportsColor(void);
+};
+/// @brief Contains utilities for cross-platform date/time. This class make use of el::base::utils::Str
+class DateTime : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Cross platform gettimeofday for Windows and unix platform. This can be used to determine current microsecond.
+  ///
+  /// @detail For unix system it uses gettimeofday(timeval*, timezone*) and for Windows, a seperate implementation is provided
+  /// @param [in,out] tv Pointer that gets updated
+  static void gettimeofday(struct timeval* tv);
+
+  /// @brief Gets current date and time with a subsecond part.
+  /// @param format User provided date/time format
+  /// @param ssPrec A pointer to base::SubsecondPrecision from configuration (non-null)
+  /// @returns string based date time in specified format.
+  static std::string getDateTime(const char* format, const base::SubsecondPrecision* ssPrec);
+
+  /// @brief Converts timeval (struct from ctime) to string using specified format and subsecond precision
+  static std::string timevalToString(struct timeval tval, const char* format,
+                                     const el::base::SubsecondPrecision* ssPrec);
+
+  /// @brief Formats time to get unit accordingly, units like second if > 1000 or minutes if > 60000 etc
+  static base::type::string_t formatTime(unsigned long long time, base::TimestampUnit timestampUnit);
+
+  /// @brief Gets time difference in milli/micro second depending on timestampUnit
+  static unsigned long long getTimeDifference(const struct timeval& endTime, const struct timeval& startTime,
+      base::TimestampUnit timestampUnit);
+
+
+ private:
+  static struct ::tm* buildTimeInfo(struct timeval* currTime, struct ::tm* timeInfo);
+  static char* parseFormat(char* buf, std::size_t bufSz, const char* format, const struct tm* tInfo,
+                           std::size_t msec, const base::SubsecondPrecision* ssPrec);
+};
+/// @brief Command line arguments for application if specified using el::Helpers::setArgs(..) or START_EASYLOGGINGPP(..)
+class CommandLineArgs {
+ public:
+  CommandLineArgs(void) {
+    setArgs(0, static_cast<char**>(nullptr));
+  }
+  CommandLineArgs(int argc, const char** argv) {
+    setArgs(argc, argv);
+  }
+  CommandLineArgs(int argc, char** argv) {
+    setArgs(argc, argv);
+  }
+  virtual ~CommandLineArgs(void) {}
+  /// @brief Sets arguments and parses them
+  inline void setArgs(int argc, const char** argv) {
+    setArgs(argc, const_cast<char**>(argv));
+  }
+  /// @brief Sets arguments and parses them
+  void setArgs(int argc, char** argv);
+  /// @brief Returns true if arguments contain paramKey with a value (seperated by '=')
+  bool hasParamWithValue(const char* paramKey) const;
+  /// @brief Returns value of arguments
+  /// @see hasParamWithValue(const char*)
+  const char* getParamValue(const char* paramKey) const;
+  /// @brief Return true if arguments has a param (not having a value) i,e without '='
+  bool hasParam(const char* paramKey) const;
+  /// @brief Returns true if no params available. This exclude argv[0]
+  bool empty(void) const;
+  /// @brief Returns total number of arguments. This exclude argv[0]
+  std::size_t size(void) const;
+  friend base::type::ostream_t& operator<<(base::type::ostream_t& os, const CommandLineArgs& c);
+
+ private:
+  int m_argc;
+  char** m_argv;
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> m_paramsWithValue;
+  std::vector<std::string> m_params;
+};
+/// @brief Abstract registry (aka repository) that provides basic interface for pointer repository specified by T_Ptr type.
+///
+/// @detail Most of the functions are virtual final methods but anything implementing this abstract class should implement
+/// unregisterAll() and deepCopy(const AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, Container>&) and write registerNew() method according to container
+/// and few more methods; get() to find element, unregister() to unregister single entry.
+/// Please note that this is thread-unsafe and should also implement thread-safety mechanisms in implementation.
+template <typename T_Ptr, typename Container>
+class AbstractRegistry : public base::threading::ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+  typedef typename Container::iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename Container::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  /// @brief Default constructor
+  AbstractRegistry(void) {}
+
+  /// @brief Move constructor that is useful for base classes
+  AbstractRegistry(AbstractRegistry&& sr) {
+    if (this == &sr) {
+      return;
+    }
+    unregisterAll();
+    m_list = std::move(sr.m_list);
+  }
+
+  bool operator==(const AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, Container>& other) {
+    if (size() != other.size()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < m_list.size(); ++i) {
+      if (m_list.at(i) != other.m_list.at(i)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool operator!=(const AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, Container>& other) {
+    if (size() != other.size()) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < m_list.size(); ++i) {
+      if (m_list.at(i) != other.m_list.at(i)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Assignment move operator
+  AbstractRegistry& operator=(AbstractRegistry&& sr) {
+    if (this == &sr) {
+      return *this;
+    }
+    unregisterAll();
+    m_list = std::move(sr.m_list);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  virtual ~AbstractRegistry(void) {
+  }
+
+  /// @return Iterator pointer from start of repository
+  virtual inline iterator begin(void) ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list.begin();
+  }
+
+  /// @return Iterator pointer from end of repository
+  virtual inline iterator end(void) ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list.end();
+  }
+
+
+  /// @return Constant iterator pointer from start of repository
+  virtual inline const_iterator cbegin(void) const ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list.cbegin();
+  }
+
+  /// @return End of repository
+  virtual inline const_iterator cend(void) const ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list.cend();
+  }
+
+  /// @return Whether or not repository is empty
+  virtual inline bool empty(void) const ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list.empty();
+  }
+
+  /// @return Size of repository
+  virtual inline std::size_t size(void) const ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list.size();
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Returns underlying container by reference
+  virtual inline Container& list(void) ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Returns underlying container by constant reference.
+  virtual inline const Container& list(void) const ELPP_FINAL {
+    return m_list;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Unregisters all the pointers from current repository.
+  virtual void unregisterAll(void) = 0;
+
+ protected:
+  virtual void deepCopy(const AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, Container>&) = 0;
+  void reinitDeepCopy(const AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, Container>& sr) {
+    unregisterAll();
+    deepCopy(sr);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Container m_list;
+};
+
+/// @brief A pointer registry mechanism to manage memory and provide search functionalities. (non-predicate version)
+///
+/// @detail NOTE: This is thread-unsafe implementation (although it contains lock function, it does not use these functions)
+///         of AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, Container>. Any implementation of this class should be
+///         explicitly (by using lock functions)
+template <typename T_Ptr, typename T_Key = const char*>
+class Registry : public AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, std::map<T_Key, T_Ptr*>> {
+ public:
+  typedef typename Registry<T_Ptr, T_Key>::iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename Registry<T_Ptr, T_Key>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  Registry(void) {}
+
+  /// @brief Copy constructor that is useful for base classes. Try to avoid this constructor, use move constructor.
+  Registry(const Registry& sr) : AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, std::vector<T_Ptr*>>() {
+    if (this == &sr) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this->reinitDeepCopy(sr);
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Assignment operator that unregisters all the existing registeries and deeply copies each of repo element
+  /// @see unregisterAll()
+  /// @see deepCopy(const AbstractRegistry&)
+  Registry& operator=(const Registry& sr) {
+    if (this == &sr) {
+      return *this;
+    }
+    this->reinitDeepCopy(sr);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  virtual ~Registry(void) {
+    unregisterAll();
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  virtual void unregisterAll(void) ELPP_FINAL {
+    if (!this->empty()) {
+      for (auto&& curr : this->list()) {
+        base::utils::safeDelete(curr.second);
+      }
+      this->list().clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+/// @brief Registers new registry to repository.
+  virtual void registerNew(const T_Key& uniqKey, T_Ptr* ptr) ELPP_FINAL {
+    unregister(uniqKey);
+    this->list().insert(std::make_pair(uniqKey, ptr));
+  }
+
+/// @brief Unregisters single entry mapped to specified unique key
+  void unregister(const T_Key& uniqKey) {
+    T_Ptr* existing = get(uniqKey);
+    if (existing != nullptr) {
+      base::utils::safeDelete(existing);
+      this->list().erase(uniqKey);
+    }
+  }
+
+/// @brief Gets pointer from repository. If none found, nullptr is returned.
+  T_Ptr* get(const T_Key& uniqKey) {
+    iterator it = this->list().find(uniqKey);
+    return it == this->list().end()
+           ? nullptr
+           : it->second;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  virtual void deepCopy(const AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, std::map<T_Key, T_Ptr*>>& sr) ELPP_FINAL {
+    for (const_iterator it = sr.cbegin(); it != sr.cend(); ++it) {
+      registerNew(it->first, new T_Ptr(*it->second));
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+/// @brief A pointer registry mechanism to manage memory and provide search functionalities. (predicate version)
+///
+/// @detail NOTE: This is thread-unsafe implementation of AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, Container>. Any implementation of this class
+/// should be made thread-safe explicitly
+template <typename T_Ptr, typename Pred>
+class RegistryWithPred : public AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, std::vector<T_Ptr*>> {
+ public:
+  typedef typename RegistryWithPred<T_Ptr, Pred>::iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename RegistryWithPred<T_Ptr, Pred>::const_iterator const_iterator;
+
+  RegistryWithPred(void) {
+  }
+
+  virtual ~RegistryWithPred(void) {
+    unregisterAll();
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Copy constructor that is useful for base classes. Try to avoid this constructor, use move constructor.
+  RegistryWithPred(const RegistryWithPred& sr) : AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, std::vector<T_Ptr*>>() {
+    if (this == &sr) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this->reinitDeepCopy(sr);
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Assignment operator that unregisters all the existing registeries and deeply copies each of repo element
+  /// @see unregisterAll()
+  /// @see deepCopy(const AbstractRegistry&)
+  RegistryWithPred& operator=(const RegistryWithPred& sr) {
+    if (this == &sr) {
+      return *this;
+    }
+    this->reinitDeepCopy(sr);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  friend base::type::ostream_t& operator<<(base::type::ostream_t& os, const RegistryWithPred& sr) {
+    for (const_iterator it = sr.list().begin(); it != sr.list().end(); ++it) {
+      os << ELPP_LITERAL("    ") << **it << ELPP_LITERAL("\n");
+    }
+    return os;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  virtual void unregisterAll(void) ELPP_FINAL {
+    if (!this->empty()) {
+      for (auto&& curr : this->list()) {
+        base::utils::safeDelete(curr);
+      }
+      this->list().clear();
+    }
+  }
+
+  virtual void unregister(T_Ptr*& ptr) ELPP_FINAL {
+    if (ptr) {
+      iterator iter = this->begin();
+      for (; iter != this->end(); ++iter) {
+        if (ptr == *iter) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (iter != this->end() && *iter != nullptr) {
+        this->list().erase(iter);
+        base::utils::safeDelete(*iter);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  virtual inline void registerNew(T_Ptr* ptr) ELPP_FINAL {
+    this->list().push_back(ptr);
+  }
+
+/// @brief Gets pointer from repository with speicifed arguments. Arguments are passed to predicate
+/// in order to validate pointer.
+  template <typename T, typename T2>
+  T_Ptr* get(const T& arg1, const T2 arg2) {
+    iterator iter = std::find_if(this->list().begin(), this->list().end(), Pred(arg1, arg2));
+    if (iter != this->list().end() && *iter != nullptr) {
+      return *iter;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  virtual void deepCopy(const AbstractRegistry<T_Ptr, std::vector<T_Ptr*>>& sr) {
+    for (const_iterator it = sr.list().begin(); it != sr.list().end(); ++it) {
+      registerNew(new T_Ptr(**it));
+    }
+  }
+};
+class Utils {
+ public:
+  template <typename T, typename TPtr>
+  static bool installCallback(const std::string& id, std::map<std::string, TPtr>* mapT) {
+    if (mapT->find(id) == mapT->end()) {
+      mapT->insert(std::make_pair(id, TPtr(new T())));
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename TPtr>
+  static void uninstallCallback(const std::string& id, std::map<std::string, TPtr>* mapT) {
+    if (mapT->find(id) != mapT->end()) {
+      mapT->erase(id);
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename TPtr>
+  static T* callback(const std::string& id, std::map<std::string, TPtr>* mapT) {
+    typename std::map<std::string, TPtr>::iterator iter = mapT->find(id);
+    if (iter != mapT->end()) {
+      return static_cast<T*>(iter->second.get());
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace utils
+} // namespace base
+/// @brief Base of Easylogging++ friendly class
+///
+/// @detail After inheriting this class publicly, implement pure-virtual function `void log(std::ostream&) const`
+class Loggable {
+ public:
+  virtual ~Loggable(void) {}
+  virtual void log(el::base::type::ostream_t&) const = 0;
+ private:
+  friend inline el::base::type::ostream_t& operator<<(el::base::type::ostream_t& os, const Loggable& loggable) {
+    loggable.log(os);
+    return os;
+  }
+};
+namespace base {
+/// @brief Represents log format containing flags and date format. This is used internally to start initial log
+class LogFormat : public Loggable {
+ public:
+  LogFormat(void);
+  LogFormat(Level level, const base::type::string_t& format);
+  LogFormat(const LogFormat& logFormat);
+  LogFormat(LogFormat&& logFormat);
+  LogFormat& operator=(const LogFormat& logFormat);
+  virtual ~LogFormat(void) {}
+  bool operator==(const LogFormat& other);
+
+  /// @brief Updates format to be used while logging.
+  /// @param userFormat User provided format
+  void parseFromFormat(const base::type::string_t& userFormat);
+
+  inline Level level(void) const {
+    return m_level;
+  }
+
+  inline const base::type::string_t& userFormat(void) const {
+    return m_userFormat;
+  }
+
+  inline const base::type::string_t& format(void) const {
+    return m_format;
+  }
+
+  inline const std::string& dateTimeFormat(void) const {
+    return m_dateTimeFormat;
+  }
+
+  inline base::type::EnumType flags(void) const {
+    return m_flags;
+  }
+
+  inline bool hasFlag(base::FormatFlags flag) const {
+    return base::utils::hasFlag(flag, m_flags);
+  }
+
+  virtual void log(el::base::type::ostream_t& os) const {
+    os << m_format;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  /// @brief Updates date time format if available in currFormat.
+  /// @param index Index where %datetime, %date or %time was found
+  /// @param [in,out] currFormat current format that is being used to format
+  virtual void updateDateFormat(std::size_t index, base::type::string_t& currFormat) ELPP_FINAL;
+
+  /// @brief Updates %level from format. This is so that we dont have to do it at log-writing-time. It uses m_format and m_level
+  virtual void updateFormatSpec(void) ELPP_FINAL;
+
+  inline void addFlag(base::FormatFlags flag) {
+    base::utils::addFlag(flag, &m_flags);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Level m_level;
+  base::type::string_t m_userFormat;
+  base::type::string_t m_format;
+  std::string m_dateTimeFormat;
+  base::type::EnumType m_flags;
+  std::string m_currentUser;
+  std::string m_currentHost;
+  friend class el::Logger;  // To resolve loggerId format specifier easily
+};
+}  // namespace base
+/// @brief Resolving function for format specifier
+typedef std::function<std::string(const LogMessage*)> FormatSpecifierValueResolver;
+/// @brief User-provided custom format specifier
+/// @see el::Helpers::installCustomFormatSpecifier
+/// @see FormatSpecifierValueResolver
+class CustomFormatSpecifier {
+ public:
+  CustomFormatSpecifier(const char* formatSpecifier, const FormatSpecifierValueResolver& resolver) :
+    m_formatSpecifier(formatSpecifier), m_resolver(resolver) {}
+  inline const char* formatSpecifier(void) const {
+    return m_formatSpecifier;
+  }
+  inline const FormatSpecifierValueResolver& resolver(void) const {
+    return m_resolver;
+  }
+  inline bool operator==(const char* formatSpecifier) {
+    return strcmp(m_formatSpecifier, formatSpecifier) == 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const char* m_formatSpecifier;
+  FormatSpecifierValueResolver m_resolver;
+};
+/// @brief Represents single configuration that has representing level, configuration type and a string based value.
+///
+/// @detail String based value means any value either its boolean, integer or string itself, it will be embedded inside quotes
+/// and will be parsed later.
+///
+/// Consider some examples below:
+///   * el::Configuration confEnabledInfo(el::Level::Info, el::ConfigurationType::Enabled, "true");
+///   * el::Configuration confMaxLogFileSizeInfo(el::Level::Info, el::ConfigurationType::MaxLogFileSize, "2048");
+///   * el::Configuration confFilenameInfo(el::Level::Info, el::ConfigurationType::Filename, "/var/log/my.log");
+class Configuration : public Loggable {
+ public:
+  Configuration(const Configuration& c);
+  Configuration& operator=(const Configuration& c);
+
+  virtual ~Configuration(void) {
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Full constructor used to sets value of configuration
+  Configuration(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value);
+
+  /// @brief Gets level of current configuration
+  inline Level level(void) const {
+    return m_level;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Gets configuration type of current configuration
+  inline ConfigurationType configurationType(void) const {
+    return m_configurationType;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Gets string based configuration value
+  inline const std::string& value(void) const {
+    return m_value;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Set string based configuration value
+  /// @param value Value to set. Values have to be std::string; For boolean values use "true", "false", for any integral values
+  ///        use them in quotes. They will be parsed when configuring
+  inline void setValue(const std::string& value) {
+    m_value = value;
+  }
+
+  virtual void log(el::base::type::ostream_t& os) const;
+
+  /// @brief Used to find configuration from configuration (pointers) repository. Avoid using it.
+  class Predicate {
+   public:
+    Predicate(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType);
+
+    bool operator()(const Configuration* conf) const;
+
+   private:
+    Level m_level;
+    ConfigurationType m_configurationType;
+  };
+
+ private:
+  Level m_level;
+  ConfigurationType m_configurationType;
+  std::string m_value;
+};
+
+/// @brief Thread-safe Configuration repository
+///
+/// @detail This repository represents configurations for all the levels and configuration type mapped to a value.
+class Configurations : public base::utils::RegistryWithPred<Configuration, Configuration::Predicate> {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Default constructor with empty repository
+  Configurations(void);
+
+  /// @brief Constructor used to set configurations using configuration file.
+  /// @param configurationFile Full path to configuration file
+  /// @param useDefaultsForRemaining Lets you set the remaining configurations to default.
+  /// @param base If provided, this configuration will be based off existing repository that this argument is pointing to.
+  /// @see parseFromFile(const std::string&, Configurations* base)
+  /// @see setRemainingToDefault()
+  Configurations(const std::string& configurationFile, bool useDefaultsForRemaining = true,
+                 Configurations* base = nullptr);
+
+  virtual ~Configurations(void) {
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Parses configuration from file.
+  /// @param configurationFile Full path to configuration file
+  /// @param base Configurations to base new configuration repository off. This value is used when you want to use
+  ///        existing Configurations to base all the values and then set rest of configuration via configuration file.
+  /// @return True if successfully parsed, false otherwise. You may define 'ELPP_DEBUG_ASSERT_FAILURE' to make sure you
+  ///         do not proceed without successful parse.
+  bool parseFromFile(const std::string& configurationFile, Configurations* base = nullptr);
+
+  /// @brief Parse configurations from configuration string.
+  ///
+  /// @detail This configuration string has same syntax as configuration file contents. Make sure all the necessary
+  /// new line characters are provided.
+  /// @param base Configurations to base new configuration repository off. This value is used when you want to use
+  ///        existing Configurations to base all the values and then set rest of configuration via configuration text.
+  /// @return True if successfully parsed, false otherwise. You may define 'ELPP_DEBUG_ASSERT_FAILURE' to make sure you
+  ///         do not proceed without successful parse.
+  bool parseFromText(const std::string& configurationsString, Configurations* base = nullptr);
+
+  /// @brief Sets configuration based-off an existing configurations.
+  /// @param base Pointer to existing configurations.
+  void setFromBase(Configurations* base);
+
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not specified configuration type exists in the repository.
+  ///
+  /// @detail Returns as soon as first level is found.
+  /// @param configurationType Type of configuration to check existence for.
+  bool hasConfiguration(ConfigurationType configurationType);
+
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not specified configuration type exists for specified level
+  /// @param level Level to check
+  /// @param configurationType Type of configuration to check existence for.
+  bool hasConfiguration(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType);
+
+  /// @brief Sets value of configuration for specified level.
+  ///
+  /// @detail Any existing configuration for specified level will be replaced. Also note that configuration types
+  /// ConfigurationType::SubsecondPrecision and ConfigurationType::PerformanceTracking will be ignored if not set for
+  /// Level::Global because these configurations are not dependant on level.
+  /// @param level Level to set configuration for (el::Level).
+  /// @param configurationType Type of configuration (el::ConfigurationType)
+  /// @param value A string based value. Regardless of what the data type of configuration is, it will always be string
+  /// from users' point of view. This is then parsed later to be used internally.
+  /// @see Configuration::setValue(const std::string& value)
+  /// @see el::Level
+  /// @see el::ConfigurationType
+  void set(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value);
+
+  /// @brief Sets single configuration based on other single configuration.
+  /// @see set(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value)
+  void set(Configuration* conf);
+
+  inline Configuration* get(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    return RegistryWithPred<Configuration, Configuration::Predicate>::get(level, configurationType);
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Sets configuration for all levels.
+  /// @param configurationType Type of configuration
+  /// @param value String based value
+  /// @see Configurations::set(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value)
+  inline void setGlobally(ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value) {
+    setGlobally(configurationType, value, false);
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Clears repository so that all the configurations are unset
+  inline void clear(void) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    unregisterAll();
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Gets configuration file used in parsing this configurations.
+  ///
+  /// @detail If this repository was set manually or by text this returns empty string.
+  inline const std::string& configurationFile(void) const {
+    return m_configurationFile;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Sets configurations to "factory based" configurations.
+  void setToDefault(void);
+
+  /// @brief Lets you set the remaining configurations to default.
+  ///
+  /// @detail By remaining, it means that the level/type a configuration does not exist for.
+  /// This function is useful when you want to minimize chances of failures, e.g, if you have a configuration file that sets
+  /// configuration for all the configurations except for Enabled or not, we use this so that ENABLED is set to default i.e,
+  /// true. If you dont do this explicitly (either by calling this function or by using second param in Constructor
+  /// and try to access a value, an error is thrown
+  void setRemainingToDefault(void);
+
+  /// @brief Parser used internally to parse configurations from file or text.
+  ///
+  /// @detail This class makes use of base::utils::Str.
+  /// You should not need this unless you are working on some tool for Easylogging++
+  class Parser : base::StaticClass {
+   public:
+    /// @brief Parses configuration from file.
+    /// @param configurationFile Full path to configuration file
+    /// @param sender Sender configurations pointer. Usually 'this' is used from calling class
+    /// @param base Configurations to base new configuration repository off. This value is used when you want to use
+    ///        existing Configurations to base all the values and then set rest of configuration via configuration file.
+    /// @return True if successfully parsed, false otherwise. You may define '_STOP_ON_FIRSTELPP_ASSERTION' to make sure you
+    ///         do not proceed without successful parse.
+    static bool parseFromFile(const std::string& configurationFile, Configurations* sender,
+                              Configurations* base = nullptr);
+
+    /// @brief Parse configurations from configuration string.
+    ///
+    /// @detail This configuration string has same syntax as configuration file contents. Make sure all the necessary
+    /// new line characters are provided. You may define '_STOP_ON_FIRSTELPP_ASSERTION' to make sure you
+    /// do not proceed without successful parse (This is recommended)
+    /// @param configurationsString the configuration in plain text format
+    /// @param sender Sender configurations pointer. Usually 'this' is used from calling class
+    /// @param base Configurations to base new configuration repository off. This value is used when you want to use
+    ///        existing Configurations to base all the values and then set rest of configuration via configuration text.
+    /// @return True if successfully parsed, false otherwise.
+    static bool parseFromText(const std::string& configurationsString, Configurations* sender,
+                              Configurations* base = nullptr);
+
+   private:
+    friend class el::Loggers;
+    static void ignoreComments(std::string* line);
+    static bool isLevel(const std::string& line);
+    static bool isComment(const std::string& line);
+    static inline bool isConfig(const std::string& line);
+    static bool parseLine(std::string* line, std::string* currConfigStr, std::string* currLevelStr, Level* currLevel,
+                          Configurations* conf);
+  };
+
+ private:
+  std::string m_configurationFile;
+  bool m_isFromFile;
+  friend class el::Loggers;
+
+  /// @brief Unsafely sets configuration if does not already exist
+  void unsafeSetIfNotExist(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value);
+
+  /// @brief Thread unsafe set
+  void unsafeSet(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value);
+
+  /// @brief Sets configurations for all levels including Level::Global if includeGlobalLevel is true
+  /// @see Configurations::setGlobally(ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value)
+  void setGlobally(ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value, bool includeGlobalLevel);
+
+  /// @brief Sets configurations (Unsafely) for all levels including Level::Global if includeGlobalLevel is true
+  /// @see Configurations::setGlobally(ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value)
+  void unsafeSetGlobally(ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value, bool includeGlobalLevel);
+};
+
+namespace base {
+typedef std::shared_ptr<base::type::fstream_t> FileStreamPtr;
+typedef std::map<std::string, FileStreamPtr> LogStreamsReferenceMap;
+/// @brief Configurations with data types.
+///
+/// @detail el::Configurations have string based values. This is whats used internally in order to read correct configurations.
+/// This is to perform faster while writing logs using correct configurations.
+///
+/// This is thread safe and final class containing non-virtual destructor (means nothing should inherit this class)
+class TypedConfigurations : public base::threading::ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Constructor to initialize (construct) the object off el::Configurations
+  /// @param configurations Configurations pointer/reference to base this typed configurations off.
+  /// @param logStreamsReference Use ELPP->registeredLoggers()->logStreamsReference()
+  TypedConfigurations(Configurations* configurations, base::LogStreamsReferenceMap* logStreamsReference);
+
+  TypedConfigurations(const TypedConfigurations& other);
+
+  virtual ~TypedConfigurations(void) {
+  }
+
+  const Configurations* configurations(void) const {
+    return m_configurations;
+  }
+
+  bool enabled(Level level);
+  bool toFile(Level level);
+  const std::string& filename(Level level);
+  bool toStandardOutput(Level level);
+  const base::LogFormat& logFormat(Level level);
+  const base::SubsecondPrecision& subsecondPrecision(Level level = Level::Global);
+  const base::MillisecondsWidth& millisecondsWidth(Level level = Level::Global);
+  bool performanceTracking(Level level = Level::Global);
+  base::type::fstream_t* fileStream(Level level);
+  std::size_t maxLogFileSize(Level level);
+  std::size_t logFlushThreshold(Level level);
+
+ private:
+  Configurations* m_configurations;
+  std::map<Level, bool> m_enabledMap;
+  std::map<Level, bool> m_toFileMap;
+  std::map<Level, std::string> m_filenameMap;
+  std::map<Level, bool> m_toStandardOutputMap;
+  std::map<Level, base::LogFormat> m_logFormatMap;
+  std::map<Level, base::SubsecondPrecision> m_subsecondPrecisionMap;
+  std::map<Level, bool> m_performanceTrackingMap;
+  std::map<Level, base::FileStreamPtr> m_fileStreamMap;
+  std::map<Level, std::size_t> m_maxLogFileSizeMap;
+  std::map<Level, std::size_t> m_logFlushThresholdMap;
+  base::LogStreamsReferenceMap* m_logStreamsReference;
+
+  friend class el::Helpers;
+  friend class el::base::MessageBuilder;
+  friend class el::base::Writer;
+  friend class el::base::DefaultLogDispatchCallback;
+  friend class el::base::LogDispatcher;
+
+  template <typename Conf_T>
+  inline Conf_T getConfigByVal(Level level, const std::map<Level, Conf_T>* confMap, const char* confName) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    return unsafeGetConfigByVal(level, confMap, confName);  // This is not unsafe anymore - mutex locked in scope
+  }
+
+  template <typename Conf_T>
+  inline Conf_T& getConfigByRef(Level level, std::map<Level, Conf_T>* confMap, const char* confName) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    return unsafeGetConfigByRef(level, confMap, confName);  // This is not unsafe anymore - mutex locked in scope
+  }
+
+  template <typename Conf_T>
+  Conf_T unsafeGetConfigByVal(Level level, const std::map<Level, Conf_T>* confMap, const char* confName) {
+    ELPP_UNUSED(confName);
+    typename std::map<Level, Conf_T>::const_iterator it = confMap->find(level);
+    if (it == confMap->end()) {
+      try {
+        return confMap->at(Level::Global);
+      } catch (...) {
+        ELPP_INTERNAL_ERROR("Unable to get configuration [" << confName << "] for level ["
+                            << LevelHelper::convertToString(level) << "]"
+                            << std::endl << "Please ensure you have properly configured logger.", false);
+        return Conf_T();
+      }
+    }
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Conf_T>
+  Conf_T& unsafeGetConfigByRef(Level level, std::map<Level, Conf_T>* confMap, const char* confName) {
+    ELPP_UNUSED(confName);
+    typename std::map<Level, Conf_T>::iterator it = confMap->find(level);
+    if (it == confMap->end()) {
+      try {
+        return confMap->at(Level::Global);
+      } catch (...) {
+        ELPP_INTERNAL_ERROR("Unable to get configuration [" << confName << "] for level ["
+                            << LevelHelper::convertToString(level) << "]"
+                            << std::endl << "Please ensure you have properly configured logger.", false);
+      }
+    }
+    return it->second;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Conf_T>
+  void setValue(Level level, const Conf_T& value, std::map<Level, Conf_T>* confMap, bool includeGlobalLevel = true) {
+    // If map is empty and we are allowed to add into generic level (Level::Global), do it!
+    if (confMap->empty() && includeGlobalLevel) {
+      confMap->insert(std::make_pair(Level::Global, value));
+      return;
+    }
+    // If same value exist in generic level already, dont add it to explicit level
+    typename std::map<Level, Conf_T>::iterator it = confMap->find(Level::Global);
+    if (it != confMap->end() && it->second == value) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // Now make sure we dont double up values if we really need to add it to explicit level
+    it = confMap->find(level);
+    if (it == confMap->end()) {
+      // Value not found for level, add new
+      confMap->insert(std::make_pair(level, value));
+    } else {
+      // Value found, just update value
+      confMap->at(level) = value;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void build(Configurations* configurations);
+  unsigned long getULong(std::string confVal);
+  std::string resolveFilename(const std::string& filename);
+  void insertFile(Level level, const std::string& fullFilename);
+  bool unsafeValidateFileRolling(Level level, const PreRollOutCallback& preRollOutCallback);
+
+  inline bool validateFileRolling(Level level, const PreRollOutCallback& preRollOutCallback) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    return unsafeValidateFileRolling(level, preRollOutCallback);
+  }
+};
+/// @brief Class that keeps record of current line hit for occasional logging
+class HitCounter {
+ public:
+  HitCounter(void) :
+    m_filename(""),
+    m_lineNumber(0),
+    m_hitCounts(0) {
+  }
+
+  HitCounter(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber) :
+    m_filename(filename),
+    m_lineNumber(lineNumber),
+    m_hitCounts(0) {
+  }
+
+  HitCounter(const HitCounter& hitCounter) :
+    m_filename(hitCounter.m_filename),
+    m_lineNumber(hitCounter.m_lineNumber),
+    m_hitCounts(hitCounter.m_hitCounts) {
+  }
+
+  HitCounter& operator=(const HitCounter& hitCounter) {
+    if (&hitCounter != this) {
+      m_filename = hitCounter.m_filename;
+      m_lineNumber = hitCounter.m_lineNumber;
+      m_hitCounts = hitCounter.m_hitCounts;
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  virtual ~HitCounter(void) {
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Resets location of current hit counter
+  inline void resetLocation(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber) {
+    m_filename = filename;
+    m_lineNumber = lineNumber;
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Validates hit counts and resets it if necessary
+  inline void validateHitCounts(std::size_t n) {
+    if (m_hitCounts >= base::consts::kMaxLogPerCounter) {
+      m_hitCounts = (n >= 1 ? base::consts::kMaxLogPerCounter % n : 0);
+    }
+    ++m_hitCounts;
+  }
+
+  inline const char* filename(void) const {
+    return m_filename;
+  }
+
+  inline base::type::LineNumber lineNumber(void) const {
+    return m_lineNumber;
+  }
+
+  inline std::size_t hitCounts(void) const {
+    return m_hitCounts;
+  }
+
+  inline void increment(void) {
+    ++m_hitCounts;
+  }
+
+  class Predicate {
+   public:
+    Predicate(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber)
+      : m_filename(filename),
+        m_lineNumber(lineNumber) {
+    }
+    inline bool operator()(const HitCounter* counter) {
+      return ((counter != nullptr) &&
+              (strcmp(counter->m_filename, m_filename) == 0) &&
+              (counter->m_lineNumber == m_lineNumber));
+    }
+
+   private:
+    const char* m_filename;
+    base::type::LineNumber m_lineNumber;
+  };
+
+ private:
+  const char* m_filename;
+  base::type::LineNumber m_lineNumber;
+  std::size_t m_hitCounts;
+};
+/// @brief Repository for hit counters used across the application
+class RegisteredHitCounters : public base::utils::RegistryWithPred<base::HitCounter, base::HitCounter::Predicate> {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Validates counter for every N, i.e, registers new if does not exist otherwise updates original one
+  /// @return True if validation resulted in triggering hit. Meaning logs should be written everytime true is returned
+  bool validateEveryN(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber, std::size_t n);
+
+  /// @brief Validates counter for hits >= N, i.e, registers new if does not exist otherwise updates original one
+  /// @return True if validation resulted in triggering hit. Meaning logs should be written everytime true is returned
+  bool validateAfterN(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber, std::size_t n);
+
+  /// @brief Validates counter for hits are <= n, i.e, registers new if does not exist otherwise updates original one
+  /// @return True if validation resulted in triggering hit. Meaning logs should be written everytime true is returned
+  bool validateNTimes(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber, std::size_t n);
+
+  /// @brief Gets hit counter registered at specified position
+  inline const base::HitCounter* getCounter(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    return get(filename, lineNumber);
+  }
+};
+/// @brief Action to be taken for dispatching
+enum class DispatchAction : base::type::EnumType {
+  None = 1, NormalLog = 2, SysLog = 4
+};
+}  // namespace base
+template <typename T>
+class Callback : protected base::threading::ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+  Callback(void) : m_enabled(true) {}
+  inline bool enabled(void) const {
+    return m_enabled;
+  }
+  inline void setEnabled(bool enabled) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    m_enabled = enabled;
+  }
+ protected:
+  virtual void handle(const T* handlePtr) = 0;
+ private:
+  bool m_enabled;
+};
+class LogDispatchData {
+ public:
+  LogDispatchData() : m_logMessage(nullptr), m_dispatchAction(base::DispatchAction::None) {}
+  inline const LogMessage* logMessage(void) const {
+    return m_logMessage;
+  }
+  inline base::DispatchAction dispatchAction(void) const {
+    return m_dispatchAction;
+  }
+ private:
+  LogMessage* m_logMessage;
+  base::DispatchAction m_dispatchAction;
+  friend class base::LogDispatcher;
+
+  inline void setLogMessage(LogMessage* logMessage) {
+    m_logMessage = logMessage;
+  }
+  inline void setDispatchAction(base::DispatchAction dispatchAction) {
+    m_dispatchAction = dispatchAction;
+  }
+};
+class LogDispatchCallback : public Callback<LogDispatchData> {
+ private:
+  friend class base::LogDispatcher;
+};
+class PerformanceTrackingCallback : public Callback<PerformanceTrackingData> {
+ private:
+  friend class base::PerformanceTracker;
+};
+class LoggerRegistrationCallback : public Callback<Logger> {
+ private:
+  friend class base::RegisteredLoggers;
+};
+class LogBuilder : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  LogBuilder() : m_termSupportsColor(base::utils::OS::termSupportsColor()) {}
+  virtual ~LogBuilder(void) {
+    ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO(3, "Destroying log builder...")
+  }
+  virtual base::type::string_t build(const LogMessage* logMessage, bool appendNewLine) const = 0;
+  void convertToColoredOutput(base::type::string_t* logLine, Level level);
+ private:
+  bool m_termSupportsColor;
+  friend class el::base::DefaultLogDispatchCallback;
+};
+typedef std::shared_ptr<LogBuilder> LogBuilderPtr;
+/// @brief Represents a logger holding ID and configurations we need to write logs
+///
+/// @detail This class does not write logs itself instead its used by writer to read configuations from.
+class Logger : public base::threading::ThreadSafe, public Loggable {
+ public:
+  Logger(const std::string& id, base::LogStreamsReferenceMap* logStreamsReference);
+  Logger(const std::string& id, const Configurations& configurations, base::LogStreamsReferenceMap* logStreamsReference);
+  Logger(const Logger& logger);
+  Logger& operator=(const Logger& logger);
+
+  virtual ~Logger(void) {
+    base::utils::safeDelete(m_typedConfigurations);
+  }
+
+  virtual inline void log(el::base::type::ostream_t& os) const {
+    os << m_id.c_str();
+  }
+
+  /// @brief Configures the logger using specified configurations.
+  void configure(const Configurations& configurations);
+
+  /// @brief Reconfigures logger using existing configurations
+  void reconfigure(void);
+
+  inline const std::string& id(void) const {
+    return m_id;
+  }
+
+  inline const std::string& parentApplicationName(void) const {
+    return m_parentApplicationName;
+  }
+
+  inline void setParentApplicationName(const std::string& parentApplicationName) {
+    m_parentApplicationName = parentApplicationName;
+  }
+
+  inline Configurations* configurations(void) {
+    return &m_configurations;
+  }
+
+  inline base::TypedConfigurations* typedConfigurations(void) {
+    return m_typedConfigurations;
+  }
+
+  static bool isValidId(const std::string& id);
+
+  /// @brief Flushes logger to sync all log files for all levels
+  void flush(void);
+
+  void flush(Level level, base::type::fstream_t* fs);
+
+  inline bool isFlushNeeded(Level level) {
+    return ++m_unflushedCount.find(level)->second >= m_typedConfigurations->logFlushThreshold(level);
+  }
+
+  inline LogBuilder* logBuilder(void) const {
+    return m_logBuilder.get();
+  }
+
+  inline void setLogBuilder(const LogBuilderPtr& logBuilder) {
+    m_logBuilder = logBuilder;
+  }
+
+  inline bool enabled(Level level) const {
+    return m_typedConfigurations->enabled(level);
+  }
+
+#if ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+#  define LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES(FUNCTION_NAME)\
+template <typename T, typename... Args>\
+inline void FUNCTION_NAME(const char*, const T&, const Args&...);\
+template <typename T>\
+inline void FUNCTION_NAME(const T&);
+
+  template <typename T, typename... Args>
+  inline void verbose(int, const char*, const T&, const Args&...);
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void verbose(int, const T&);
+
+  LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES(info)
+  LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES(debug)
+  LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES(warn)
+  LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES(error)
+  LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES(fatal)
+  LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES(trace)
+#  undef LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_SIGNATURES
+#endif // ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+ private:
+  std::string m_id;
+  base::TypedConfigurations* m_typedConfigurations;
+  base::type::stringstream_t m_stream;
+  std::string m_parentApplicationName;
+  bool m_isConfigured;
+  Configurations m_configurations;
+  std::map<Level, unsigned int> m_unflushedCount;
+  base::LogStreamsReferenceMap* m_logStreamsReference;
+  LogBuilderPtr m_logBuilder;
+
+  friend class el::LogMessage;
+  friend class el::Loggers;
+  friend class el::Helpers;
+  friend class el::base::RegisteredLoggers;
+  friend class el::base::DefaultLogDispatchCallback;
+  friend class el::base::MessageBuilder;
+  friend class el::base::Writer;
+  friend class el::base::PErrorWriter;
+  friend class el::base::Storage;
+  friend class el::base::PerformanceTracker;
+  friend class el::base::LogDispatcher;
+
+  Logger(void);
+
+#if ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+  template <typename T, typename... Args>
+  void log_(Level, int, const char*, const T&, const Args&...);
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void log_(Level, int, const T&);
+
+  template <typename T, typename... Args>
+  void log(Level, const char*, const T&, const Args&...);
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void log(Level, const T&);
+#endif // ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+
+  void initUnflushedCount(void);
+
+  inline base::type::stringstream_t& stream(void) {
+    return m_stream;
+  }
+
+  void resolveLoggerFormatSpec(void) const;
+};
+namespace base {
+/// @brief Loggers repository
+class RegisteredLoggers : public base::utils::Registry<Logger, std::string> {
+ public:
+  explicit RegisteredLoggers(const LogBuilderPtr& defaultLogBuilder);
+
+  virtual ~RegisteredLoggers(void) {
+    unsafeFlushAll();
+  }
+
+  inline void setDefaultConfigurations(const Configurations& configurations) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    m_defaultConfigurations.setFromBase(const_cast<Configurations*>(&configurations));
+  }
+
+  inline Configurations* defaultConfigurations(void) {
+    return &m_defaultConfigurations;
+  }
+
+  Logger* get(const std::string& id, bool forceCreation = true);
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline bool installLoggerRegistrationCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return base::utils::Utils::installCallback<T, base::type::LoggerRegistrationCallbackPtr>(id,
+           &m_loggerRegistrationCallbacks);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void uninstallLoggerRegistrationCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    base::utils::Utils::uninstallCallback<T, base::type::LoggerRegistrationCallbackPtr>(id, &m_loggerRegistrationCallbacks);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline T* loggerRegistrationCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return base::utils::Utils::callback<T, base::type::LoggerRegistrationCallbackPtr>(id, &m_loggerRegistrationCallbacks);
+  }
+
+  bool remove(const std::string& id);
+
+  inline bool has(const std::string& id) {
+    return get(id, false) != nullptr;
+  }
+
+  inline void unregister(Logger*& logger) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    base::utils::Registry<Logger, std::string>::unregister(logger->id());
+  }
+
+  inline base::LogStreamsReferenceMap* logStreamsReference(void) {
+    return &m_logStreamsReference;
+  }
+
+  inline void flushAll(void) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    unsafeFlushAll();
+  }
+
+  inline void setDefaultLogBuilder(LogBuilderPtr& logBuilderPtr) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    m_defaultLogBuilder = logBuilderPtr;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  LogBuilderPtr m_defaultLogBuilder;
+  Configurations m_defaultConfigurations;
+  base::LogStreamsReferenceMap m_logStreamsReference;
+  std::map<std::string, base::type::LoggerRegistrationCallbackPtr> m_loggerRegistrationCallbacks;
+  friend class el::base::Storage;
+
+  void unsafeFlushAll(void);
+};
+/// @brief Represents registries for verbose logging
+class VRegistry : base::NoCopy, public base::threading::ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+  explicit VRegistry(base::type::VerboseLevel level, base::type::EnumType* pFlags);
+
+  /// @brief Sets verbose level. Accepted range is 0-9
+  void setLevel(base::type::VerboseLevel level);
+
+  inline base::type::VerboseLevel level(void) const {
+    return m_level;
+  }
+
+  inline void clearModules(void) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    m_modules.clear();
+  }
+
+  void setModules(const char* modules);
+
+  bool allowed(base::type::VerboseLevel vlevel, const char* file);
+
+  inline const std::map<std::string, base::type::VerboseLevel>& modules(void) const {
+    return m_modules;
+  }
+
+  void setFromArgs(const base::utils::CommandLineArgs* commandLineArgs);
+
+  /// @brief Whether or not vModules enabled
+  inline bool vModulesEnabled(void) {
+    return !base::utils::hasFlag(LoggingFlag::DisableVModules, *m_pFlags);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  base::type::VerboseLevel m_level;
+  base::type::EnumType* m_pFlags;
+  std::map<std::string, base::type::VerboseLevel> m_modules;
+};
+}  // namespace base
+class LogMessage {
+ public:
+  LogMessage(Level level, const std::string& file, base::type::LineNumber line, const std::string& func,
+             base::type::VerboseLevel verboseLevel, Logger* logger) :
+    m_level(level), m_file(file), m_line(line), m_func(func),
+    m_verboseLevel(verboseLevel), m_logger(logger), m_message(logger->stream().str()) {
+  }
+  inline Level level(void) const {
+    return m_level;
+  }
+  inline const std::string& file(void) const {
+    return m_file;
+  }
+  inline base::type::LineNumber line(void) const {
+    return m_line;
+  }
+  inline const std::string& func(void) const {
+    return m_func;
+  }
+  inline base::type::VerboseLevel verboseLevel(void) const {
+    return m_verboseLevel;
+  }
+  inline Logger* logger(void) const {
+    return m_logger;
+  }
+  inline const base::type::string_t& message(void) const {
+    return m_message;
+  }
+ private:
+  Level m_level;
+  std::string m_file;
+  base::type::LineNumber m_line;
+  std::string m_func;
+  base::type::VerboseLevel m_verboseLevel;
+  Logger* m_logger;
+  base::type::string_t m_message;
+};
+namespace base {
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+class AsyncLogItem {
+ public:
+  explicit AsyncLogItem(const LogMessage& logMessage, const LogDispatchData& data, const base::type::string_t& logLine)
+    : m_logMessage(logMessage), m_dispatchData(data), m_logLine(logLine) {}
+  virtual ~AsyncLogItem() {}
+  inline LogMessage* logMessage(void) {
+    return &m_logMessage;
+  }
+  inline LogDispatchData* data(void) {
+    return &m_dispatchData;
+  }
+  inline base::type::string_t logLine(void) {
+    return m_logLine;
+  }
+ private:
+  LogMessage m_logMessage;
+  LogDispatchData m_dispatchData;
+  base::type::string_t m_logLine;
+};
+class AsyncLogQueue : public base::threading::ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+  virtual ~AsyncLogQueue() {
+    ELPP_INTERNAL_INFO(6, "~AsyncLogQueue");
+  }
+
+  inline AsyncLogItem next(void) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    AsyncLogItem result = m_queue.front();
+    m_queue.pop();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  inline void push(const AsyncLogItem& item) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    m_queue.push(item);
+  }
+  inline void pop(void) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    m_queue.pop();
+  }
+  inline AsyncLogItem front(void) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    return m_queue.front();
+  }
+  inline bool empty(void) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    return m_queue.empty();
+  }
+ private:
+  std::queue<AsyncLogItem> m_queue;
+};
+class IWorker {
+ public:
+  virtual ~IWorker() {}
+  virtual void start() = 0;
+};
+#endif // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+/// @brief Easylogging++ management storage
+class Storage : base::NoCopy, public base::threading::ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+  Storage(const LogBuilderPtr& defaultLogBuilder, base::IWorker* asyncDispatchWorker);
+#else
+  explicit Storage(const LogBuilderPtr& defaultLogBuilder);
+#endif  // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+
+  virtual ~Storage(void);
+
+  inline bool validateEveryNCounter(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber, std::size_t occasion) {
+    return hitCounters()->validateEveryN(filename, lineNumber, occasion);
+  }
+
+  inline bool validateAfterNCounter(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber, std::size_t n) {
+    return hitCounters()->validateAfterN(filename, lineNumber, n);
+  }
+
+  inline bool validateNTimesCounter(const char* filename, base::type::LineNumber lineNumber, std::size_t n) {
+    return hitCounters()->validateNTimes(filename, lineNumber, n);
+  }
+
+  inline base::RegisteredHitCounters* hitCounters(void) const {
+    return m_registeredHitCounters;
+  }
+
+  inline base::RegisteredLoggers* registeredLoggers(void) const {
+    return m_registeredLoggers;
+  }
+
+  inline base::VRegistry* vRegistry(void) const {
+    return m_vRegistry;
+  }
+
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+  inline base::AsyncLogQueue* asyncLogQueue(void) const {
+    return m_asyncLogQueue;
+  }
+#endif  // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+
+  inline const base::utils::CommandLineArgs* commandLineArgs(void) const {
+    return &m_commandLineArgs;
+  }
+
+  inline void addFlag(LoggingFlag flag) {
+    base::utils::addFlag(flag, &m_flags);
+  }
+
+  inline void removeFlag(LoggingFlag flag) {
+    base::utils::removeFlag(flag, &m_flags);
+  }
+
+  inline bool hasFlag(LoggingFlag flag) const {
+    return base::utils::hasFlag(flag, m_flags);
+  }
+
+  inline base::type::EnumType flags(void) const {
+    return m_flags;
+  }
+
+  inline void setFlags(base::type::EnumType flags) {
+    m_flags = flags;
+  }
+
+  inline void setPreRollOutCallback(const PreRollOutCallback& callback) {
+    m_preRollOutCallback = callback;
+  }
+
+  inline void unsetPreRollOutCallback(void) {
+    m_preRollOutCallback = base::defaultPreRollOutCallback;
+  }
+
+  inline PreRollOutCallback& preRollOutCallback(void) {
+    return m_preRollOutCallback;
+  }
+
+  bool hasCustomFormatSpecifier(const char* formatSpecifier);
+  void installCustomFormatSpecifier(const CustomFormatSpecifier& customFormatSpecifier);
+  bool uninstallCustomFormatSpecifier(const char* formatSpecifier);
+
+  const std::vector<CustomFormatSpecifier>* customFormatSpecifiers(void) const {
+    return &m_customFormatSpecifiers;
+  }
+
+  inline void setLoggingLevel(Level level) {
+    m_loggingLevel = level;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline bool installLogDispatchCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return base::utils::Utils::installCallback<T, base::type::LogDispatchCallbackPtr>(id, &m_logDispatchCallbacks);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void uninstallLogDispatchCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    base::utils::Utils::uninstallCallback<T, base::type::LogDispatchCallbackPtr>(id, &m_logDispatchCallbacks);
+  }
+  template <typename T>
+  inline T* logDispatchCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return base::utils::Utils::callback<T, base::type::LogDispatchCallbackPtr>(id, &m_logDispatchCallbacks);
+  }
+
+#if defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_PERFORMANCE_TRACKING)
+  template <typename T>
+  inline bool installPerformanceTrackingCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return base::utils::Utils::installCallback<T, base::type::PerformanceTrackingCallbackPtr>(id,
+           &m_performanceTrackingCallbacks);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void uninstallPerformanceTrackingCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    base::utils::Utils::uninstallCallback<T, base::type::PerformanceTrackingCallbackPtr>(id,
+        &m_performanceTrackingCallbacks);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline T* performanceTrackingCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return base::utils::Utils::callback<T, base::type::PerformanceTrackingCallbackPtr>(id, &m_performanceTrackingCallbacks);
+  }
+#endif // defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_PERFORMANCE_TRACKING)
+
+  /// @brief Sets thread name for current thread. Requires std::thread
+  inline void setThreadName(const std::string& name) {
+    if (name.empty()) return;
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+    m_threadNames[base::threading::getCurrentThreadId()] = name;
+  }
+
+  inline std::string getThreadName(const std::string& threadId) {
+    std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = m_threadNames.find(threadId);
+    if (it == m_threadNames.end()) {
+      return threadId;
+    }
+    return it->second;
+  }
+ private:
+  base::RegisteredHitCounters* m_registeredHitCounters;
+  base::RegisteredLoggers* m_registeredLoggers;
+  base::type::EnumType m_flags;
+  base::VRegistry* m_vRegistry;
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+  base::AsyncLogQueue* m_asyncLogQueue;
+  base::IWorker* m_asyncDispatchWorker;
+#endif  // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+  base::utils::CommandLineArgs m_commandLineArgs;
+  PreRollOutCallback m_preRollOutCallback;
+  std::map<std::string, base::type::LogDispatchCallbackPtr> m_logDispatchCallbacks;
+  std::map<std::string, base::type::PerformanceTrackingCallbackPtr> m_performanceTrackingCallbacks;
+  std::map<std::string, std::string> m_threadNames;
+  std::vector<CustomFormatSpecifier> m_customFormatSpecifiers;
+  Level m_loggingLevel;
+
+  friend class el::Helpers;
+  friend class el::base::DefaultLogDispatchCallback;
+  friend class el::LogBuilder;
+  friend class el::base::MessageBuilder;
+  friend class el::base::Writer;
+  friend class el::base::PerformanceTracker;
+  friend class el::base::LogDispatcher;
+
+  void setApplicationArguments(int argc, char** argv);
+
+  inline void setApplicationArguments(int argc, const char** argv) {
+    setApplicationArguments(argc, const_cast<char**>(argv));
+  }
+};
+extern ELPP_EXPORT base::type::StoragePointer elStorage;
+#define ELPP el::base::elStorage
+class DefaultLogDispatchCallback : public LogDispatchCallback {
+ protected:
+  void handle(const LogDispatchData* data);
+ private:
+  const LogDispatchData* m_data;
+  void dispatch(base::type::string_t&& logLine);
+};
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+class AsyncLogDispatchCallback : public LogDispatchCallback {
+ protected:
+  void handle(const LogDispatchData* data);
+};
+class AsyncDispatchWorker : public base::IWorker, public base::threading::ThreadSafe {
+ public:
+  AsyncDispatchWorker();
+  virtual ~AsyncDispatchWorker();
+
+  bool clean(void);
+  void emptyQueue(void);
+  virtual void start(void);
+  void handle(AsyncLogItem* logItem);
+  void run(void);
+
+  void setContinueRunning(bool value) {
+    base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(m_continueRunningMutex);
+    m_continueRunning = value;
+  }
+
+  bool continueRunning(void) const {
+    return m_continueRunning;
+  }
+ private:
+  std::condition_variable cv;
+  bool m_continueRunning;
+  base::threading::Mutex m_continueRunningMutex;
+};
+#endif  // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+}  // namespace base
+namespace base {
+class DefaultLogBuilder : public LogBuilder {
+ public:
+  base::type::string_t build(const LogMessage* logMessage, bool appendNewLine) const;
+};
+/// @brief Dispatches log messages
+class LogDispatcher : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  LogDispatcher(bool proceed, LogMessage&& logMessage, base::DispatchAction dispatchAction) :
+    m_proceed(proceed),
+    m_logMessage(std::move(logMessage)),
+    m_dispatchAction(std::move(dispatchAction)) {
+  }
+
+  void dispatch(void);
+
+ private:
+  bool m_proceed;
+  LogMessage m_logMessage;
+  base::DispatchAction m_dispatchAction;
+};
+#if defined(ELPP_STL_LOGGING)
+/// @brief Workarounds to write some STL logs
+///
+/// @detail There is workaround needed to loop through some stl containers. In order to do that, we need iterable containers
+/// of same type and provide iterator interface and pass it on to writeIterator().
+/// Remember, this is passed by value in constructor so that we dont change original containers.
+/// This operation is as expensive as Big-O(std::min(class_.size(), base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer))
+namespace workarounds {
+/// @brief Abstract IterableContainer template that provides interface for iterable classes of type T
+template <typename T, typename Container>
+class IterableContainer {
+ public:
+  typedef typename Container::iterator iterator;
+  typedef typename Container::const_iterator const_iterator;
+  IterableContainer(void) {}
+  virtual ~IterableContainer(void) {}
+  iterator begin(void) {
+    return getContainer().begin();
+  }
+  iterator end(void) {
+    return getContainer().end();
+  }
+ private:
+  virtual Container& getContainer(void) = 0;
+};
+/// @brief Implements IterableContainer and provides iterable std::priority_queue class
+template<typename T, typename Container = std::vector<T>, typename Comparator = std::less<typename Container::value_type>>
+class IterablePriorityQueue : public IterableContainer<T, Container>,
+  public std::priority_queue<T, Container, Comparator> {
+ public:
+  IterablePriorityQueue(std::priority_queue<T, Container, Comparator> queue_) {
+    std::size_t count_ = 0;
+    while (++count_ < base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer && !queue_.empty()) {
+      this->push(queue_.top());
+      queue_.pop();
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  inline Container& getContainer(void) {
+    return this->c;
+  }
+};
+/// @brief Implements IterableContainer and provides iterable std::queue class
+template<typename T, typename Container = std::deque<T>>
+class IterableQueue : public IterableContainer<T, Container>, public std::queue<T, Container> {
+ public:
+  IterableQueue(std::queue<T, Container> queue_) {
+    std::size_t count_ = 0;
+    while (++count_ < base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer && !queue_.empty()) {
+      this->push(queue_.front());
+      queue_.pop();
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  inline Container& getContainer(void) {
+    return this->c;
+  }
+};
+/// @brief Implements IterableContainer and provides iterable std::stack class
+template<typename T, typename Container = std::deque<T>>
+class IterableStack : public IterableContainer<T, Container>, public std::stack<T, Container> {
+ public:
+  IterableStack(std::stack<T, Container> stack_) {
+    std::size_t count_ = 0;
+    while (++count_ < base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer && !stack_.empty()) {
+      this->push(stack_.top());
+      stack_.pop();
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  inline Container& getContainer(void) {
+    return this->c;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace workarounds
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_STL_LOGGING)
+// Log message builder
+class MessageBuilder {
+ public:
+  MessageBuilder(void) : m_logger(nullptr), m_containerLogSeperator(ELPP_LITERAL("")) {}
+  void initialize(Logger* logger);
+
+#  define ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(LOG_TYPE)\
+MessageBuilder& operator<<(LOG_TYPE msg) {\
+m_logger->stream() << msg;\
+if (ELPP->hasFlag(LoggingFlag::AutoSpacing)) {\
+m_logger->stream() << " ";\
+}\
+return *this;\
+}
+
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::string& msg) {
+    return operator<<(msg.c_str());
+  }
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(char)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(bool)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(signed short)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(unsigned short)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(signed int)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(unsigned int)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(signed long)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(unsigned long)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(float)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(double)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(char*)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(const char*)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(const void*)
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(long double)
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::wstring& msg) {
+    return operator<<(msg.c_str());
+  }
+  MessageBuilder& operator<<(const wchar_t* msg);
+  // ostream manipulators
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(std::ostream& (*OStreamMani)(std::ostream&)) {
+    m_logger->stream() << OStreamMani;
+    return *this;
+  }
+#define ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(temp)                                                    \
+template <typename T>                                                                            \
+inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const temp<T>& template_inst) {                                \
+return writeIterator(template_inst.begin(), template_inst.end(), template_inst.size());      \
+}
+#define ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(temp)                                                    \
+template <typename T1, typename T2>                                                              \
+inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const temp<T1, T2>& template_inst) {                           \
+return writeIterator(template_inst.begin(), template_inst.end(), template_inst.size());      \
+}
+#define ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_THREE_ARG(temp)                                                  \
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>                                                 \
+inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const temp<T1, T2, T3>& template_inst) {                       \
+return writeIterator(template_inst.begin(), template_inst.end(), template_inst.size());      \
+}
+#define ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG(temp)                                                   \
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4>                                    \
+inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const temp<T1, T2, T3, T4>& template_inst) {                   \
+return writeIterator(template_inst.begin(), template_inst.end(), template_inst.size());      \
+}
+#define ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FIVE_ARG(temp)                                                   \
+template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3, typename T4, typename T5>                       \
+inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const temp<T1, T2, T3, T4, T5>& template_inst) {               \
+return writeIterator(template_inst.begin(), template_inst.end(), template_inst.size());      \
+}
+
+#if defined(ELPP_STL_LOGGING)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(std::vector)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(std::list)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(std::deque)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_THREE_ARG(std::set)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_THREE_ARG(std::multiset)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG(std::map)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG(std::multimap)
+  template <class T, class Container>
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::queue<T, Container>& queue_) {
+    base::workarounds::IterableQueue<T, Container> iterableQueue_ =
+      static_cast<base::workarounds::IterableQueue<T, Container> >(queue_);
+    return writeIterator(iterableQueue_.begin(), iterableQueue_.end(), iterableQueue_.size());
+  }
+  template <class T, class Container>
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::stack<T, Container>& stack_) {
+    base::workarounds::IterableStack<T, Container> iterableStack_ =
+      static_cast<base::workarounds::IterableStack<T, Container> >(stack_);
+    return writeIterator(iterableStack_.begin(), iterableStack_.end(), iterableStack_.size());
+  }
+  template <class T, class Container, class Comparator>
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::priority_queue<T, Container, Comparator>& priorityQueue_) {
+    base::workarounds::IterablePriorityQueue<T, Container, Comparator> iterablePriorityQueue_ =
+      static_cast<base::workarounds::IterablePriorityQueue<T, Container, Comparator> >(priorityQueue_);
+    return writeIterator(iterablePriorityQueue_.begin(), iterablePriorityQueue_.end(), iterablePriorityQueue_.size());
+  }
+  template <class First, class Second>
+  MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::pair<First, Second>& pair_) {
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("(");
+    operator << (static_cast<First>(pair_.first));
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(", ");
+    operator << (static_cast<Second>(pair_.second));
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(")");
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <std::size_t Size>
+  MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::bitset<Size>& bitset_) {
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("[");
+    operator << (bitset_.to_string());
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("]");
+    return *this;
+  }
+#  if defined(ELPP_LOG_STD_ARRAY)
+  template <class T, std::size_t Size>
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const std::array<T, Size>& array) {
+    return writeIterator(array.begin(), array.end(), array.size());
+  }
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_LOG_STD_ARRAY)
+#  if defined(ELPP_LOG_UNORDERED_MAP)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FIVE_ARG(std::unordered_map)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FIVE_ARG(std::unordered_multimap)
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_LOG_UNORDERED_MAP)
+#  if defined(ELPP_LOG_UNORDERED_SET)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG(std::unordered_set)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG(std::unordered_multiset)
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_LOG_UNORDERED_SET)
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_STL_LOGGING)
+#if defined(ELPP_QT_LOGGING)
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QString& msg) {
+#  if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    m_logger->stream() << msg.toStdWString();
+#  else
+    m_logger->stream() << msg.toStdString();
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    return *this;
+  }
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QByteArray& msg) {
+    return operator << (QString(msg));
+  }
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QStringRef& msg) {
+    return operator<<(msg.toString());
+  }
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(qint64 msg) {
+#  if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    m_logger->stream() << QString::number(msg).toStdWString();
+#  else
+    m_logger->stream() << QString::number(msg).toStdString();
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    return *this;
+  }
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(quint64 msg) {
+#  if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    m_logger->stream() << QString::number(msg).toStdWString();
+#  else
+    m_logger->stream() << QString::number(msg).toStdString();
+#  endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    return *this;
+  }
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(QChar msg) {
+    m_logger->stream() << msg.toLatin1();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QLatin1String& msg) {
+    m_logger->stream() << msg.latin1();
+    return *this;
+  }
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(QList)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(QVector)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(QQueue)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(QSet)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(QLinkedList)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(QStack)
+  template <typename First, typename Second>
+  MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QPair<First, Second>& pair_) {
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("(");
+    operator << (static_cast<First>(pair_.first));
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(", ");
+    operator << (static_cast<Second>(pair_.second));
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(")");
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename K, typename V>
+  MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QMap<K, V>& map_) {
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("[");
+    QList<K> keys = map_.keys();
+    typename QList<K>::const_iterator begin = keys.begin();
+    typename QList<K>::const_iterator end = keys.end();
+    int max_ = static_cast<int>(base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer);  // to prevent warning
+    for (int index_ = 0; begin != end && index_ < max_; ++index_, ++begin) {
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("(");
+      operator << (static_cast<K>(*begin));
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(", ");
+      operator << (static_cast<V>(map_.value(*begin)));
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(")");
+      m_logger->stream() << ((index_ < keys.size() -1) ? m_containerLogSeperator : ELPP_LITERAL(""));
+    }
+    if (begin != end) {
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("...");
+    }
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("]");
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename K, typename V>
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QMultiMap<K, V>& map_) {
+    operator << (static_cast<QMap<K, V>>(map_));
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename K, typename V>
+  MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QHash<K, V>& hash_) {
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("[");
+    QList<K> keys = hash_.keys();
+    typename QList<K>::const_iterator begin = keys.begin();
+    typename QList<K>::const_iterator end = keys.end();
+    int max_ = static_cast<int>(base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer);  // prevent type warning
+    for (int index_ = 0; begin != end && index_ < max_; ++index_, ++begin) {
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("(");
+      operator << (static_cast<K>(*begin));
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(", ");
+      operator << (static_cast<V>(hash_.value(*begin)));
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL(")");
+      m_logger->stream() << ((index_ < keys.size() -1) ? m_containerLogSeperator : ELPP_LITERAL(""));
+    }
+    if (begin != end) {
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("...");
+    }
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("]");
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename K, typename V>
+  inline MessageBuilder& operator<<(const QMultiHash<K, V>& multiHash_) {
+    operator << (static_cast<QHash<K, V>>(multiHash_));
+    return *this;
+  }
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_QT_LOGGING)
+#if defined(ELPP_BOOST_LOGGING)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(boost::container::vector)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(boost::container::stable_vector)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(boost::container::list)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG(boost::container::deque)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG(boost::container::map)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG(boost::container::flat_map)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_THREE_ARG(boost::container::set)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_THREE_ARG(boost::container::flat_set)
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_BOOST_LOGGING)
+
+  /// @brief Macro used internally that can be used externally to make containers easylogging++ friendly
+  ///
+  /// @detail This macro expands to write an ostream& operator<< for container. This container is expected to
+  ///         have begin() and end() methods that return respective iterators
+  /// @param ContainerType Type of container e.g, MyList from WX_DECLARE_LIST(int, MyList); in wxwidgets
+  /// @param SizeMethod Method used to get size of container.
+  /// @param ElementInstance Instance of element to be fed out. Insance name is "elem". See WXELPP_ENABLED macro
+  ///        for an example usage
+#define MAKE_CONTAINERELPP_FRIENDLY(ContainerType, SizeMethod, ElementInstance) \
+el::base::type::ostream_t& operator<<(el::base::type::ostream_t& ss, const ContainerType& container) {\
+const el::base::type::char_t* sep = ELPP->hasFlag(el::LoggingFlag::NewLineForContainer) ? \
+ELPP_LITERAL("\n    ") : ELPP_LITERAL(", ");\
+ContainerType::const_iterator elem = container.begin();\
+ContainerType::const_iterator endElem = container.end();\
+std::size_t size_ = container.SizeMethod; \
+ss << ELPP_LITERAL("[");\
+for (std::size_t i = 0; elem != endElem && i < el::base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer; ++i, ++elem) { \
+ss << ElementInstance;\
+ss << ((i < size_ - 1) ? sep : ELPP_LITERAL(""));\
+}\
+if (elem != endElem) {\
+ss << ELPP_LITERAL("...");\
+}\
+ss << ELPP_LITERAL("]");\
+return ss;\
+}
+#if defined(ELPP_WXWIDGETS_LOGGING)
+  ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG(wxVector)
+#  define ELPP_WX_PTR_ENABLED(ContainerType) MAKE_CONTAINERELPP_FRIENDLY(ContainerType, size(), *(*elem))
+#  define ELPP_WX_ENABLED(ContainerType) MAKE_CONTAINERELPP_FRIENDLY(ContainerType, size(), (*elem))
+#  define ELPP_WX_HASH_MAP_ENABLED(ContainerType) MAKE_CONTAINERELPP_FRIENDLY(ContainerType, size(), \
+ELPP_LITERAL("(") << elem->first << ELPP_LITERAL(", ") << elem->second << ELPP_LITERAL(")")
+#else
+#  define ELPP_WX_PTR_ENABLED(ContainerType)
+#  define ELPP_WX_ENABLED(ContainerType)
+#  define ELPP_WX_HASH_MAP_ENABLED(ContainerType)
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_WXWIDGETS_LOGGING)
+  // Other classes
+  template <class Class>
+  ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG(const Class&)
+#undef ELPP_SIMPLE_LOG
+#undef ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_ONE_ARG
+#undef ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_TWO_ARG
+#undef ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_THREE_ARG
+#undef ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FOUR_ARG
+#undef ELPP_ITERATOR_CONTAINER_LOG_FIVE_ARG
+ private:
+  Logger* m_logger;
+  const base::type::char_t* m_containerLogSeperator;
+
+  template<class Iterator>
+  MessageBuilder& writeIterator(Iterator begin_, Iterator end_, std::size_t size_) {
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("[");
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; begin_ != end_ && i < base::consts::kMaxLogPerContainer; ++i, ++begin_) {
+      operator << (*begin_);
+      m_logger->stream() << ((i < size_ - 1) ? m_containerLogSeperator : ELPP_LITERAL(""));
+    }
+    if (begin_ != end_) {
+      m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("...");
+    }
+    m_logger->stream() << ELPP_LITERAL("]");
+    if (ELPP->hasFlag(LoggingFlag::AutoSpacing)) {
+      m_logger->stream() << " ";
+    }
+    return *this;
+  }
+};
+/// @brief Writes nothing - Used when certain log is disabled
+class NullWriter : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  NullWriter(void) {}
+
+  // Null manipulator
+  inline NullWriter& operator<<(std::ostream& (*)(std::ostream&)) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline NullWriter& operator<<(const T&) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  inline operator bool() {
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+/// @brief Main entry point of each logging
+class Writer : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  Writer(Level level, const char* file, base::type::LineNumber line,
+         const char* func, base::DispatchAction dispatchAction = base::DispatchAction::NormalLog,
+         base::type::VerboseLevel verboseLevel = 0) :
+    m_level(level), m_file(file), m_line(line), m_func(func), m_verboseLevel(verboseLevel),
+    m_logger(nullptr), m_proceed(false), m_dispatchAction(dispatchAction) {
+  }
+
+  virtual ~Writer(void) {
+    processDispatch();
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline Writer& operator<<(const T& log) {
+#if ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED
+    if (m_proceed) {
+      m_messageBuilder << log;
+    }
+#endif  // ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  inline Writer& operator<<(std::ostream& (*log)(std::ostream&)) {
+#if ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED
+    if (m_proceed) {
+      m_messageBuilder << log;
+    }
+#endif  // ELPP_LOGGING_ENABLED
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  inline operator bool() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  Writer& construct(Logger* logger, bool needLock = true);
+  Writer& construct(int count, const char* loggerIds, ...);
+ protected:
+  Level m_level;
+  const char* m_file;
+  const base::type::LineNumber m_line;
+  const char* m_func;
+  base::type::VerboseLevel m_verboseLevel;
+  Logger* m_logger;
+  bool m_proceed;
+  base::MessageBuilder m_messageBuilder;
+  base::DispatchAction m_dispatchAction;
+  std::vector<std::string> m_loggerIds;
+  friend class el::Helpers;
+
+  void initializeLogger(const std::string& loggerId, bool lookup = true, bool needLock = true);
+  void processDispatch();
+  void triggerDispatch(void);
+};
+class PErrorWriter : public base::Writer {
+ public:
+  PErrorWriter(Level level, const char* file, base::type::LineNumber line,
+               const char* func, base::DispatchAction dispatchAction = base::DispatchAction::NormalLog,
+               base::type::VerboseLevel verboseLevel = 0) :
+    base::Writer(level, file, line, func, dispatchAction, verboseLevel) {
+  }
+
+  virtual ~PErrorWriter(void);
+};
+}  // namespace base
+// Logging from Logger class. Why this is here? Because we have Storage and Writer class available
+#if ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+void Logger::log_(Level level, int vlevel, const char* s, const T& value, const Args&... args) {
+  base::MessageBuilder b;
+  b.initialize(this);
+  while (*s) {
+    if (*s == base::consts::kFormatSpecifierChar) {
+      if (*(s + 1) == base::consts::kFormatSpecifierChar) {
+        ++s;
+      } else {
+        if (*(s + 1) == base::consts::kFormatSpecifierCharValue) {
+          ++s;
+          b << value;
+          log_(level, vlevel, ++s, args...);
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    b << *s++;
+  }
+  ELPP_INTERNAL_ERROR("Too many arguments provided. Unable to handle. Please provide more format specifiers", false);
+}
+template <typename T>
+void Logger::log_(Level level, int vlevel, const T& log) {
+  if (level == Level::Verbose) {
+    if (ELPP->vRegistry()->allowed(vlevel, __FILE__)) {
+      base::Writer(Level::Verbose, "FILE", 0, "FUNCTION",
+                   base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, vlevel).construct(this, false) << log;
+    } else {
+      stream().str(ELPP_LITERAL(""));
+    }
+  } else {
+    base::Writer(level, "FILE", 0, "FUNCTION").construct(this, false) << log;
+  }
+}
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+inline void Logger::log(Level level, const char* s, const T& value, const Args&... args) {
+  base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+  log_(level, 0, s, value, args...);
+}
+template <typename T>
+inline void Logger::log(Level level, const T& log) {
+  base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+  log_(level, 0, log);
+}
+#  if ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+inline void Logger::verbose(int vlevel, const char* s, const T& value, const Args&... args) {
+  base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+  log_(el::Level::Verbose, vlevel, s, value, args...);
+}
+template <typename T>
+inline void Logger::verbose(int vlevel, const T& log) {
+  base::threading::ScopedLock scopedLock(lock());
+  log_(el::Level::Verbose, vlevel, log);
+}
+#  else
+template <typename T, typename... Args>
+inline void Logger::verbose(int, const char*, const T&, const Args&...) {
+  return;
+}
+template <typename T>
+inline void Logger::verbose(int, const T&) {
+  return;
+}
+#  endif  // ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+#  define LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS(FUNCTION_NAME, LOG_LEVEL)\
+template <typename T, typename... Args>\
+inline void Logger::FUNCTION_NAME(const char* s, const T& value, const Args&... args) {\
+log(LOG_LEVEL, s, value, args...);\
+}\
+template <typename T>\
+inline void Logger::FUNCTION_NAME(const T& value) {\
+log(LOG_LEVEL, value);\
+}
+#  define LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED(FUNCTION_NAME, LOG_LEVEL)\
+template <typename T, typename... Args>\
+inline void Logger::FUNCTION_NAME(const char*, const T&, const Args&...) {\
+return;\
+}\
+template <typename T>\
+inline void Logger::FUNCTION_NAME(const T&) {\
+return;\
+}
+
+#  if ELPP_INFO_LOG
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS(info, Level::Info)
+#  else
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED(info, Level::Info)
+#  endif // ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#  if ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS(debug, Level::Debug)
+#  else
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED(debug, Level::Debug)
+#  endif // ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#  if ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS(warn, Level::Warning)
+#  else
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED(warn, Level::Warning)
+#  endif // ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#  if ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS(error, Level::Error)
+#  else
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED(error, Level::Error)
+#  endif // ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#  if ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS(fatal, Level::Fatal)
+#  else
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED(fatal, Level::Fatal)
+#  endif // ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#  if ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS(trace, Level::Trace)
+#  else
+LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED(trace, Level::Trace)
+#  endif // ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#  undef LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS
+#  undef LOGGER_LEVEL_WRITERS_DISABLED
+#endif // ELPP_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES_SUPPORTED
+#if ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#  define ELPP_VARIADIC_FUNC_MSVC(variadicFunction, variadicArgs) variadicFunction variadicArgs
+#  define ELPP_VARIADIC_FUNC_MSVC_RUN(variadicFunction, ...) ELPP_VARIADIC_FUNC_MSVC(variadicFunction, (__VA_ARGS__))
+#  define el_getVALength(...) ELPP_VARIADIC_FUNC_MSVC_RUN(el_resolveVALength, 0, ## __VA_ARGS__,\
+10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
+#else
+#  if ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG
+#    define el_getVALength(...) el_resolveVALength(0, __VA_ARGS__, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
+#  else
+#    define el_getVALength(...) el_resolveVALength(0, ## __VA_ARGS__, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
+#  endif // ELPP_COMPILER_CLANG
+#endif // ELPP_COMPILER_MSVC
+#define el_resolveVALength(_0, _1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9, _10, N, ...) N
+#define ELPP_WRITE_LOG(writer, level, dispatchAction, ...) \
+writer(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC, dispatchAction).construct(el_getVALength(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ELPP_WRITE_LOG_IF(writer, condition, level, dispatchAction, ...) if (condition) \
+writer(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC, dispatchAction).construct(el_getVALength(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ELPP_WRITE_LOG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, level, dispatchAction, ...) \
+ELPP->validateEveryNCounter(__FILE__, __LINE__, occasion) && \
+writer(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC, dispatchAction).construct(el_getVALength(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ELPP_WRITE_LOG_AFTER_N(writer, n, level, dispatchAction, ...) \
+ELPP->validateAfterNCounter(__FILE__, __LINE__, n) && \
+writer(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC, dispatchAction).construct(el_getVALength(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ELPP_WRITE_LOG_N_TIMES(writer, n, level, dispatchAction, ...) \
+ELPP->validateNTimesCounter(__FILE__, __LINE__, n) && \
+writer(level, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC, dispatchAction).construct(el_getVALength(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__)
+#if defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_PERFORMANCE_TRACKING)
+class PerformanceTrackingData {
+ public:
+  enum class DataType : base::type::EnumType {
+    Checkpoint = 1, Complete = 2
+  };
+  // Do not use constructor, will run into multiple definition error, use init(PerformanceTracker*)
+  explicit PerformanceTrackingData(DataType dataType) : m_performanceTracker(nullptr),
+    m_dataType(dataType), m_firstCheckpoint(false), m_file(""), m_line(0), m_func("") {}
+  inline const std::string* blockName(void) const;
+  inline const struct timeval* startTime(void) const;
+  inline const struct timeval* endTime(void) const;
+  inline const struct timeval* lastCheckpointTime(void) const;
+  inline const base::PerformanceTracker* performanceTracker(void) const {
+    return m_performanceTracker;
+  }
+  inline PerformanceTrackingData::DataType dataType(void) const {
+    return m_dataType;
+  }
+  inline bool firstCheckpoint(void) const {
+    return m_firstCheckpoint;
+  }
+  inline std::string checkpointId(void) const {
+    return m_checkpointId;
+  }
+  inline const char* file(void) const {
+    return m_file;
+  }
+  inline base::type::LineNumber line(void) const {
+    return m_line;
+  }
+  inline const char* func(void) const {
+    return m_func;
+  }
+  inline const base::type::string_t* formattedTimeTaken() const {
+    return &m_formattedTimeTaken;
+  }
+  inline const std::string& loggerId(void) const;
+ private:
+  base::PerformanceTracker* m_performanceTracker;
+  base::type::string_t m_formattedTimeTaken;
+  PerformanceTrackingData::DataType m_dataType;
+  bool m_firstCheckpoint;
+  std::string m_checkpointId;
+  const char* m_file;
+  base::type::LineNumber m_line;
+  const char* m_func;
+  inline void init(base::PerformanceTracker* performanceTracker, bool firstCheckpoint = false) {
+    m_performanceTracker = performanceTracker;
+    m_firstCheckpoint = firstCheckpoint;
+  }
+
+  friend class el::base::PerformanceTracker;
+};
+namespace base {
+/// @brief Represents performanceTracker block of code that conditionally adds performance status to log
+///        either when goes outside the scope of when checkpoint() is called
+class PerformanceTracker : public base::threading::ThreadSafe, public Loggable {
+ public:
+  PerformanceTracker(const std::string& blockName,
+                     base::TimestampUnit timestampUnit = base::TimestampUnit::Millisecond,
+                     const std::string& loggerId = std::string(el::base::consts::kPerformanceLoggerId),
+                     bool scopedLog = true, Level level = base::consts::kPerformanceTrackerDefaultLevel);
+  /// @brief Copy constructor
+  PerformanceTracker(const PerformanceTracker& t) :
+    m_blockName(t.m_blockName), m_timestampUnit(t.m_timestampUnit), m_loggerId(t.m_loggerId), m_scopedLog(t.m_scopedLog),
+    m_level(t.m_level), m_hasChecked(t.m_hasChecked), m_lastCheckpointId(t.m_lastCheckpointId), m_enabled(t.m_enabled),
+    m_startTime(t.m_startTime), m_endTime(t.m_endTime), m_lastCheckpointTime(t.m_lastCheckpointTime) {
+  }
+  virtual ~PerformanceTracker(void);
+  /// @brief A checkpoint for current performanceTracker block.
+  void checkpoint(const std::string& id = std::string(), const char* file = __FILE__,
+                  base::type::LineNumber line = __LINE__,
+                  const char* func = "");
+  inline Level level(void) const {
+    return m_level;
+  }
+ private:
+  std::string m_blockName;
+  base::TimestampUnit m_timestampUnit;
+  std::string m_loggerId;
+  bool m_scopedLog;
+  Level m_level;
+  bool m_hasChecked;
+  std::string m_lastCheckpointId;
+  bool m_enabled;
+  struct timeval m_startTime, m_endTime, m_lastCheckpointTime;
+
+  PerformanceTracker(void);
+
+  friend class el::PerformanceTrackingData;
+  friend class base::DefaultPerformanceTrackingCallback;
+
+  const inline base::type::string_t getFormattedTimeTaken() const {
+    return getFormattedTimeTaken(m_startTime);
+  }
+
+  const base::type::string_t getFormattedTimeTaken(struct timeval startTime) const;
+
+  virtual inline void log(el::base::type::ostream_t& os) const {
+    os << getFormattedTimeTaken();
+  }
+};
+class DefaultPerformanceTrackingCallback : public PerformanceTrackingCallback {
+ protected:
+  void handle(const PerformanceTrackingData* data) {
+    m_data = data;
+    base::type::stringstream_t ss;
+    if (m_data->dataType() == PerformanceTrackingData::DataType::Complete) {
+      ss << ELPP_LITERAL("Executed [") << m_data->blockName()->c_str() << ELPP_LITERAL("] in [") <<
+         *m_data->formattedTimeTaken() << ELPP_LITERAL("]");
+    } else {
+      ss << ELPP_LITERAL("Performance checkpoint");
+      if (!m_data->checkpointId().empty()) {
+        ss << ELPP_LITERAL(" [") << m_data->checkpointId().c_str() << ELPP_LITERAL("]");
+      }
+      ss << ELPP_LITERAL(" for block [") << m_data->blockName()->c_str() << ELPP_LITERAL("] : [") <<
+         *m_data->performanceTracker();
+      if (!ELPP->hasFlag(LoggingFlag::DisablePerformanceTrackingCheckpointComparison)
+          && m_data->performanceTracker()->m_hasChecked) {
+        ss << ELPP_LITERAL(" ([") << *m_data->formattedTimeTaken() << ELPP_LITERAL("] from ");
+        if (m_data->performanceTracker()->m_lastCheckpointId.empty()) {
+          ss << ELPP_LITERAL("last checkpoint");
+        } else {
+          ss << ELPP_LITERAL("checkpoint '") << m_data->performanceTracker()->m_lastCheckpointId.c_str() << ELPP_LITERAL("'");
+        }
+        ss << ELPP_LITERAL(")]");
+      } else {
+        ss << ELPP_LITERAL("]");
+      }
+    }
+    el::base::Writer(m_data->performanceTracker()->level(), m_data->file(), m_data->line(), m_data->func()).construct(1,
+        m_data->loggerId().c_str()) << ss.str();
+  }
+ private:
+  const PerformanceTrackingData* m_data;
+};
+}  // namespace base
+inline const std::string* PerformanceTrackingData::blockName() const {
+  return const_cast<const std::string*>(&m_performanceTracker->m_blockName);
+}
+inline const struct timeval* PerformanceTrackingData::startTime() const {
+  return const_cast<const struct timeval*>(&m_performanceTracker->m_startTime);
+}
+inline const struct timeval* PerformanceTrackingData::endTime() const {
+  return const_cast<const struct timeval*>(&m_performanceTracker->m_endTime);
+}
+inline const struct timeval* PerformanceTrackingData::lastCheckpointTime() const {
+  return const_cast<const struct timeval*>(&m_performanceTracker->m_lastCheckpointTime);
+}
+inline const std::string& PerformanceTrackingData::loggerId(void) const {
+  return m_performanceTracker->m_loggerId;
+}
+#endif // defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_PERFORMANCE_TRACKING)
+namespace base {
+/// @brief Contains some internal debugging tools like crash handler and stack tracer
+namespace debug {
+#if defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_CRASH_LOG)
+class StackTrace : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  static const unsigned int kMaxStack = 64;
+  static const unsigned int kStackStart = 2;  // We want to skip c'tor and StackTrace::generateNew()
+  class StackTraceEntry {
+   public:
+    StackTraceEntry(std::size_t index, const char* loc, const char* demang, const char* hex, const char* addr);
+    StackTraceEntry(std::size_t index, char* loc) :
+      m_index(index),
+      m_location(loc) {
+    }
+    std::size_t m_index;
+    std::string m_location;
+    std::string m_demangled;
+    std::string m_hex;
+    std::string m_addr;
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& ss, const StackTraceEntry& si);
+
+   private:
+    StackTraceEntry(void);
+  };
+
+  StackTrace(void) {
+    generateNew();
+  }
+
+  virtual ~StackTrace(void) {
+  }
+
+  inline std::vector<StackTraceEntry>& getLatestStack(void) {
+    return m_stack;
+  }
+
+  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StackTrace& st);
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<StackTraceEntry> m_stack;
+
+  void generateNew(void);
+};
+/// @brief Handles unexpected crashes
+class CrashHandler : base::NoCopy {
+ public:
+  typedef void (*Handler)(int);
+
+  explicit CrashHandler(bool useDefault);
+  explicit CrashHandler(const Handler& cHandler) {
+    setHandler(cHandler);
+  }
+  void setHandler(const Handler& cHandler);
+
+ private:
+  Handler m_handler;
+};
+#else
+class CrashHandler {
+ public:
+  explicit CrashHandler(bool) {}
+};
+#endif // defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_CRASH_LOG)
+}  // namespace debug
+}  // namespace base
+extern base::debug::CrashHandler elCrashHandler;
+#define MAKE_LOGGABLE(ClassType, ClassInstance, OutputStreamInstance) \
+el::base::type::ostream_t& operator<<(el::base::type::ostream_t& OutputStreamInstance, const ClassType& ClassInstance)
+/// @brief Initializes syslog with process ID, options and facility. calls closelog() on d'tor
+class SysLogInitializer {
+ public:
+  SysLogInitializer(const char* processIdent, int options = 0, int facility = 0) {
+#if defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+    openlog(processIdent, options, facility);
+#else
+    ELPP_UNUSED(processIdent);
+    ELPP_UNUSED(options);
+    ELPP_UNUSED(facility);
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+  }
+  virtual ~SysLogInitializer(void) {
+#if defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+    closelog();
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+  }
+};
+#define ELPP_INITIALIZE_SYSLOG(id, opt, fac) el::SysLogInitializer elSyslogInit(id, opt, fac)
+/// @brief Static helpers for developers
+class Helpers : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Shares logging repository (base::Storage)
+  static inline void setStorage(base::type::StoragePointer storage) {
+    ELPP = storage;
+  }
+  /// @return Main storage repository
+  static inline base::type::StoragePointer storage() {
+    return ELPP;
+  }
+  /// @brief Sets application arguments and figures out whats active for logging and whats not.
+  static inline void setArgs(int argc, char** argv) {
+    ELPP->setApplicationArguments(argc, argv);
+  }
+  /// @copydoc setArgs(int argc, char** argv)
+  static inline void setArgs(int argc, const char** argv) {
+    ELPP->setApplicationArguments(argc, const_cast<char**>(argv));
+  }
+  /// @brief Sets thread name for current thread. Requires std::thread
+  static inline void setThreadName(const std::string& name) {
+    ELPP->setThreadName(name);
+  }
+  static inline std::string getThreadName() {
+    return ELPP->getThreadName(base::threading::getCurrentThreadId());
+  }
+#if defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_CRASH_LOG)
+  /// @brief Overrides default crash handler and installs custom handler.
+  /// @param crashHandler A functor with no return type that takes single int argument.
+  ///        Handler is a typedef with specification: void (*Handler)(int)
+  static inline void setCrashHandler(const el::base::debug::CrashHandler::Handler& crashHandler) {
+    el::elCrashHandler.setHandler(crashHandler);
+  }
+  /// @brief Abort due to crash with signal in parameter
+  /// @param sig Crash signal
+  static void crashAbort(int sig, const char* sourceFile = "", unsigned int long line = 0);
+  /// @brief Logs reason of crash as per sig
+  /// @param sig Crash signal
+  /// @param stackTraceIfAvailable Includes stack trace if available
+  /// @param level Logging level
+  /// @param logger Logger to use for logging
+  static void logCrashReason(int sig, bool stackTraceIfAvailable = false,
+                             Level level = Level::Fatal, const char* logger = base::consts::kDefaultLoggerId);
+#endif // defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_CRASH_LOG)
+  /// @brief Installs pre rollout callback, this callback is triggered when log file is about to be rolled out
+  ///        (can be useful for backing up)
+  static inline void installPreRollOutCallback(const PreRollOutCallback& callback) {
+    ELPP->setPreRollOutCallback(callback);
+  }
+  /// @brief Uninstalls pre rollout callback
+  static inline void uninstallPreRollOutCallback(void) {
+    ELPP->unsetPreRollOutCallback();
+  }
+  /// @brief Installs post log dispatch callback, this callback is triggered when log is dispatched
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline bool installLogDispatchCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return ELPP->installLogDispatchCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+  /// @brief Uninstalls log dispatch callback
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline void uninstallLogDispatchCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    ELPP->uninstallLogDispatchCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline T* logDispatchCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return ELPP->logDispatchCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+#if defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_PERFORMANCE_TRACKING)
+  /// @brief Installs post performance tracking callback, this callback is triggered when performance tracking is finished
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline bool installPerformanceTrackingCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return ELPP->installPerformanceTrackingCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+  /// @brief Uninstalls post performance tracking handler
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline void uninstallPerformanceTrackingCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    ELPP->uninstallPerformanceTrackingCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline T* performanceTrackingCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return ELPP->performanceTrackingCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+#endif // defined(ELPP_FEATURE_ALL) || defined(ELPP_FEATURE_PERFORMANCE_TRACKING)
+  /// @brief Converts template to std::string - useful for loggable classes to log containers within log(std::ostream&) const
+  template <typename T>
+  static std::string convertTemplateToStdString(const T& templ) {
+    el::Logger* logger =
+      ELPP->registeredLoggers()->get(el::base::consts::kDefaultLoggerId);
+    if (logger == nullptr) {
+      return std::string();
+    }
+    base::MessageBuilder b;
+    b.initialize(logger);
+    logger->acquireLock();
+    b << templ;
+#if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    std::string s = std::string(logger->stream().str().begin(), logger->stream().str().end());
+#else
+    std::string s = logger->stream().str();
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+    logger->stream().str(ELPP_LITERAL(""));
+    logger->releaseLock();
+    return s;
+  }
+  /// @brief Returns command line arguments (pointer) provided to easylogging++
+  static inline const el::base::utils::CommandLineArgs* commandLineArgs(void) {
+    return ELPP->commandLineArgs();
+  }
+  /// @brief Installs user defined format specifier and handler
+  static inline void installCustomFormatSpecifier(const CustomFormatSpecifier& customFormatSpecifier) {
+    ELPP->installCustomFormatSpecifier(customFormatSpecifier);
+  }
+  /// @brief Uninstalls user defined format specifier and handler
+  static inline bool uninstallCustomFormatSpecifier(const char* formatSpecifier) {
+    return ELPP->uninstallCustomFormatSpecifier(formatSpecifier);
+  }
+  /// @brief Returns true if custom format specifier is installed
+  static inline bool hasCustomFormatSpecifier(const char* formatSpecifier) {
+    return ELPP->hasCustomFormatSpecifier(formatSpecifier);
+  }
+  static inline void validateFileRolling(Logger* logger, Level level) {
+    if (logger == nullptr) return;
+    logger->m_typedConfigurations->validateFileRolling(level, ELPP->preRollOutCallback());
+  }
+};
+/// @brief Static helpers to deal with loggers and their configurations
+class Loggers : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Gets existing or registers new logger
+  static Logger* getLogger(const std::string& identity, bool registerIfNotAvailable = true);
+  /// @brief Changes default log builder for future loggers
+  static void setDefaultLogBuilder(el::LogBuilderPtr& logBuilderPtr);
+  /// @brief Installs logger registration callback, this callback is triggered when new logger is registered
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline bool installLoggerRegistrationCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return ELPP->registeredLoggers()->installLoggerRegistrationCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+  /// @brief Uninstalls log dispatch callback
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline void uninstallLoggerRegistrationCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    ELPP->registeredLoggers()->uninstallLoggerRegistrationCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+  template <typename T>
+  static inline T* loggerRegistrationCallback(const std::string& id) {
+    return ELPP->registeredLoggers()->loggerRegistrationCallback<T>(id);
+  }
+  /// @brief Unregisters logger - use it only when you know what you are doing, you may unregister
+  ///        loggers initialized / used by third-party libs.
+  static bool unregisterLogger(const std::string& identity);
+  /// @brief Whether or not logger with id is registered
+  static bool hasLogger(const std::string& identity);
+  /// @brief Reconfigures specified logger with new configurations
+  static Logger* reconfigureLogger(Logger* logger, const Configurations& configurations);
+  /// @brief Reconfigures logger with new configurations after looking it up using identity
+  static Logger* reconfigureLogger(const std::string& identity, const Configurations& configurations);
+  /// @brief Reconfigures logger's single configuration
+  static Logger* reconfigureLogger(const std::string& identity, ConfigurationType configurationType,
+                                   const std::string& value);
+  /// @brief Reconfigures all the existing loggers with new configurations
+  static void reconfigureAllLoggers(const Configurations& configurations);
+  /// @brief Reconfigures single configuration for all the loggers
+  static inline void reconfigureAllLoggers(ConfigurationType configurationType, const std::string& value) {
+    reconfigureAllLoggers(Level::Global, configurationType, value);
+  }
+  /// @brief Reconfigures single configuration for all the loggers for specified level
+  static void reconfigureAllLoggers(Level level, ConfigurationType configurationType,
+                                    const std::string& value);
+  /// @brief Sets default configurations. This configuration is used for future (and conditionally for existing) loggers
+  static void setDefaultConfigurations(const Configurations& configurations,
+                                       bool reconfigureExistingLoggers = false);
+  /// @brief Returns current default
+  static const Configurations* defaultConfigurations(void);
+  /// @brief Returns log stream reference pointer if needed by user
+  static const base::LogStreamsReferenceMap* logStreamsReference(void);
+  /// @brief Default typed configuration based on existing defaultConf
+  static base::TypedConfigurations defaultTypedConfigurations(void);
+  /// @brief Populates all logger IDs in current repository.
+  /// @param [out] targetList List of fill up.
+  static std::vector<std::string>* populateAllLoggerIds(std::vector<std::string>* targetList);
+  /// @brief Sets configurations from global configuration file.
+  static void configureFromGlobal(const char* globalConfigurationFilePath);
+  /// @brief Configures loggers using command line arg. Ensure you have already set command line args,
+  /// @return False if invalid argument or argument with no value provided, true if attempted to configure logger.
+  ///         If true is returned that does not mean it has been configured successfully, it only means that it
+  ///         has attempeted to configure logger using configuration file provided in argument
+  static bool configureFromArg(const char* argKey);
+  /// @brief Flushes all loggers for all levels - Be careful if you dont know how many loggers are registered
+  static void flushAll(void);
+  /// @brief Adds logging flag used internally.
+  static inline void addFlag(LoggingFlag flag) {
+    ELPP->addFlag(flag);
+  }
+  /// @brief Removes logging flag used internally.
+  static inline void removeFlag(LoggingFlag flag) {
+    ELPP->removeFlag(flag);
+  }
+  /// @brief Determines whether or not certain flag is active
+  static inline bool hasFlag(LoggingFlag flag) {
+    return ELPP->hasFlag(flag);
+  }
+  /// @brief Adds flag and removes it when scope goes out
+  class ScopedAddFlag {
+   public:
+    ScopedAddFlag(LoggingFlag flag) : m_flag(flag) {
+      Loggers::addFlag(m_flag);
+    }
+    ~ScopedAddFlag(void) {
+      Loggers::removeFlag(m_flag);
+    }
+   private:
+    LoggingFlag m_flag;
+  };
+  /// @brief Removes flag and add it when scope goes out
+  class ScopedRemoveFlag {
+   public:
+    ScopedRemoveFlag(LoggingFlag flag) : m_flag(flag) {
+      Loggers::removeFlag(m_flag);
+    }
+    ~ScopedRemoveFlag(void) {
+      Loggers::addFlag(m_flag);
+    }
+   private:
+    LoggingFlag m_flag;
+  };
+  /// @brief Sets hierarchy for logging. Needs to enable logging flag (HierarchicalLogging)
+  static void setLoggingLevel(Level level) {
+    ELPP->setLoggingLevel(level);
+  }
+  /// @brief Sets verbose level on the fly
+  static void setVerboseLevel(base::type::VerboseLevel level);
+  /// @brief Gets current verbose level
+  static base::type::VerboseLevel verboseLevel(void);
+  /// @brief Sets vmodules as specified (on the fly)
+  static void setVModules(const char* modules);
+  /// @brief Clears vmodules
+  static void clearVModules(void);
+};
+class VersionInfo : base::StaticClass {
+ public:
+  /// @brief Current version number
+  static const std::string version(void);
+
+  /// @brief Release date of current version
+  static const std::string releaseDate(void);
+};
+}  // namespace el
+#undef VLOG_IS_ON
+/// @brief Determines whether verbose logging is on for specified level current file.
+#define VLOG_IS_ON(verboseLevel) (ELPP->vRegistry()->allowed(verboseLevel, __FILE__))
+#undef TIMED_BLOCK
+#undef TIMED_SCOPE
+#undef TIMED_SCOPE_IF
+#undef TIMED_FUNC
+#undef TIMED_FUNC_IF
+#undef ELPP_MIN_UNIT
+#if defined(ELPP_PERFORMANCE_MICROSECONDS)
+#  define ELPP_MIN_UNIT el::base::TimestampUnit::Microsecond
+#else
+#  define ELPP_MIN_UNIT el::base::TimestampUnit::Millisecond
+#endif  // (defined(ELPP_PERFORMANCE_MICROSECONDS))
+/// @brief Performance tracked scope. Performance gets written when goes out of scope using
+///        'performance' logger.
+///
+/// @detail Please note in order to check the performance at a certain time you can use obj->checkpoint();
+/// @see el::base::PerformanceTracker
+/// @see el::base::PerformanceTracker::checkpoint
+// Note: Do not surround this definition with null macro because of obj instance
+#define TIMED_SCOPE_IF(obj, blockname, condition) el::base::type::PerformanceTrackerPtr obj( condition ? \
+  new el::base::PerformanceTracker(blockname, ELPP_MIN_UNIT) : nullptr )
+#define TIMED_SCOPE(obj, blockname) TIMED_SCOPE_IF(obj, blockname, true)
+#define TIMED_BLOCK(obj, blockName) for (struct { int i; el::base::type::PerformanceTrackerPtr timer; } obj = { 0, \
+  el::base::type::PerformanceTrackerPtr(new el::base::PerformanceTracker(blockName, ELPP_MIN_UNIT)) }; obj.i < 1; ++obj.i)
+/// @brief Performance tracked function. Performance gets written when goes out of scope using
+///        'performance' logger.
+///
+/// @detail Please note in order to check the performance at a certain time you can use obj->checkpoint();
+/// @see el::base::PerformanceTracker
+/// @see el::base::PerformanceTracker::checkpoint
+#define TIMED_FUNC_IF(obj,condition) TIMED_SCOPE_IF(obj, ELPP_FUNC, condition)
+#define TIMED_FUNC(obj) TIMED_SCOPE(obj, ELPP_FUNC)
+#undef PERFORMANCE_CHECKPOINT
+#undef PERFORMANCE_CHECKPOINT_WITH_ID
+#define PERFORMANCE_CHECKPOINT(obj) obj->checkpoint(std::string(), __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC)
+#define PERFORMANCE_CHECKPOINT_WITH_ID(obj, id) obj->checkpoint(id, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC)
+#undef ELPP_COUNTER
+#undef ELPP_COUNTER_POS
+/// @brief Gets hit counter for file/line
+#define ELPP_COUNTER (ELPP->hitCounters()->getCounter(__FILE__, __LINE__))
+/// @brief Gets hit counter position for file/line, -1 if not registered yet
+#define ELPP_COUNTER_POS (ELPP_COUNTER == nullptr ? -1 : ELPP_COUNTER->hitCounts())
+// Undef levels to support LOG(LEVEL)
+#undef INFO
+#undef WARNING
+#undef DEBUG
+#undef ERROR
+#undef FATAL
+#undef TRACE
+#undef VERBOSE
+// Undef existing
+#undef CINFO
+#undef CWARNING
+#undef CDEBUG
+#undef CFATAL
+#undef CERROR
+#undef CTRACE
+#undef CVERBOSE
+#undef CINFO_IF
+#undef CWARNING_IF
+#undef CDEBUG_IF
+#undef CERROR_IF
+#undef CFATAL_IF
+#undef CTRACE_IF
+#undef CVERBOSE_IF
+#undef CINFO_EVERY_N
+#undef CWARNING_EVERY_N
+#undef CDEBUG_EVERY_N
+#undef CERROR_EVERY_N
+#undef CFATAL_EVERY_N
+#undef CTRACE_EVERY_N
+#undef CVERBOSE_EVERY_N
+#undef CINFO_AFTER_N
+#undef CWARNING_AFTER_N
+#undef CDEBUG_AFTER_N
+#undef CERROR_AFTER_N
+#undef CFATAL_AFTER_N
+#undef CTRACE_AFTER_N
+#undef CVERBOSE_AFTER_N
+#undef CINFO_N_TIMES
+#undef CWARNING_N_TIMES
+#undef CDEBUG_N_TIMES
+#undef CERROR_N_TIMES
+#undef CFATAL_N_TIMES
+#undef CTRACE_N_TIMES
+#undef CVERBOSE_N_TIMES
+// Normal logs
+#if ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#  define CINFO(writer, dispatchAction, ...) ELPP_WRITE_LOG(writer, el::Level::Info, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CINFO(writer, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#if ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#  define CWARNING(writer, dispatchAction, ...) ELPP_WRITE_LOG(writer, el::Level::Warning, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CWARNING(writer, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#if ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#  define CDEBUG(writer, dispatchAction, ...) ELPP_WRITE_LOG(writer, el::Level::Debug, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CDEBUG(writer, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#if ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#  define CERROR(writer, dispatchAction, ...) ELPP_WRITE_LOG(writer, el::Level::Error, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CERROR(writer, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#if ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#  define CFATAL(writer, dispatchAction, ...) ELPP_WRITE_LOG(writer, el::Level::Fatal, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CFATAL(writer, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#if ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#  define CTRACE(writer, dispatchAction, ...) ELPP_WRITE_LOG(writer, el::Level::Trace, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CTRACE(writer, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#if ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+#  define CVERBOSE(writer, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...) if (VLOG_IS_ON(vlevel)) writer(\
+el::Level::Verbose, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC, dispatchAction, vlevel).construct(el_getVALength(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CVERBOSE(writer, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+// Conditional logs
+#if ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#  define CINFO_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...) \
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_IF(writer, (condition_), el::Level::Info, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CINFO_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#if ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#  define CWARNING_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_IF(writer, (condition_), el::Level::Warning, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CWARNING_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#if ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#  define CDEBUG_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_IF(writer, (condition_), el::Level::Debug, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CDEBUG_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#if ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#  define CERROR_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_IF(writer, (condition_), el::Level::Error, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CERROR_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#if ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#  define CFATAL_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_IF(writer, (condition_), el::Level::Fatal, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CFATAL_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#if ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#  define CTRACE_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_IF(writer, (condition_), el::Level::Trace, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CTRACE_IF(writer, condition_, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#if ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+#  define CVERBOSE_IF(writer, condition_, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...) if (VLOG_IS_ON(vlevel) && (condition_)) writer( \
+el::Level::Verbose, __FILE__, __LINE__, ELPP_FUNC, dispatchAction, vlevel).construct(el_getVALength(__VA_ARGS__), __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CVERBOSE_IF(writer, condition_, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+// Occasional logs
+#if ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#  define CINFO_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, el::Level::Info, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CINFO_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#if ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#  define CWARNING_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, el::Level::Warning, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CWARNING_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#if ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#  define CDEBUG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, el::Level::Debug, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CDEBUG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#if ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#  define CERROR_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, el::Level::Error, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CERROR_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#if ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#  define CFATAL_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, el::Level::Fatal, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CFATAL_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#if ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#  define CTRACE_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, el::Level::Trace, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CTRACE_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#if ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+#  define CVERBOSE_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...)\
+CVERBOSE_IF(writer, ELPP->validateEveryNCounter(__FILE__, __LINE__, occasion), vlevel, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CVERBOSE_EVERY_N(writer, occasion, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+// After N logs
+#if ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#  define CINFO_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_AFTER_N(writer, n, el::Level::Info, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CINFO_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#if ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#  define CWARNING_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_AFTER_N(writer, n, el::Level::Warning, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CWARNING_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#if ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#  define CDEBUG_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_AFTER_N(writer, n, el::Level::Debug, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CDEBUG_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#if ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#  define CERROR_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_AFTER_N(writer, n, el::Level::Error, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CERROR_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#if ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#  define CFATAL_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_AFTER_N(writer, n, el::Level::Fatal, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CFATAL_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#if ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#  define CTRACE_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_AFTER_N(writer, n, el::Level::Trace, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CTRACE_AFTER_N(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#if ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+#  define CVERBOSE_AFTER_N(writer, n, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...)\
+CVERBOSE_IF(writer, ELPP->validateAfterNCounter(__FILE__, __LINE__, n), vlevel, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CVERBOSE_AFTER_N(writer, n, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+// N Times logs
+#if ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#  define CINFO_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_N_TIMES(writer, n, el::Level::Info, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CINFO_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_INFO_LOG
+#if ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#  define CWARNING_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_N_TIMES(writer, n, el::Level::Warning, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CWARNING_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_WARNING_LOG
+#if ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#  define CDEBUG_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_N_TIMES(writer, n, el::Level::Debug, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CDEBUG_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_DEBUG_LOG
+#if ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#  define CERROR_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_N_TIMES(writer, n, el::Level::Error, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CERROR_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_ERROR_LOG
+#if ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#  define CFATAL_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_N_TIMES(writer, n, el::Level::Fatal, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CFATAL_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_FATAL_LOG
+#if ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#  define CTRACE_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...)\
+ELPP_WRITE_LOG_N_TIMES(writer, n, el::Level::Trace, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CTRACE_N_TIMES(writer, n, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_TRACE_LOG
+#if ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+#  define CVERBOSE_N_TIMES(writer, n, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...)\
+CVERBOSE_IF(writer, ELPP->validateNTimesCounter(__FILE__, __LINE__, n), vlevel, dispatchAction, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+#  define CVERBOSE_N_TIMES(writer, n, vlevel, dispatchAction, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // ELPP_VERBOSE_LOG
+//
+// Custom Loggers - Requires (level, dispatchAction, loggerId/s)
+//
+// undef existing
+#undef CLOG
+#undef CLOG_VERBOSE
+#undef CVLOG
+#undef CLOG_IF
+#undef CLOG_VERBOSE_IF
+#undef CVLOG_IF
+#undef CLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef CVLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef CLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef CVLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef CLOG_N_TIMES
+#undef CVLOG_N_TIMES
+// Normal logs
+#define CLOG(LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL(el::base::Writer, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CVLOG(vlevel, ...) CVERBOSE(el::base::Writer, vlevel, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+// Conditional logs
+#define CLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_IF(el::base::Writer, condition, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CVLOG_IF(condition, vlevel, ...)\
+CVERBOSE_IF(el::base::Writer, condition, vlevel, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+// Hit counts based logs
+#define CLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_EVERY_N(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CVLOG_EVERY_N(n, vlevel, ...)\
+CVERBOSE_EVERY_N(el::base::Writer, n, vlevel, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_AFTER_N(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CVLOG_AFTER_N(n, vlevel, ...)\
+CVERBOSE_AFTER_N(el::base::Writer, n, vlevel, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_N_TIMES(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CVLOG_N_TIMES(n, vlevel, ...)\
+CVERBOSE_N_TIMES(el::base::Writer, n, vlevel, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+//
+// Default Loggers macro using CLOG(), CLOG_VERBOSE() and CVLOG() macros
+//
+// undef existing
+#undef LOG
+#undef VLOG
+#undef LOG_IF
+#undef VLOG_IF
+#undef LOG_EVERY_N
+#undef VLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef LOG_AFTER_N
+#undef VLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef LOG_N_TIMES
+#undef VLOG_N_TIMES
+#undef ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID
+#if defined(ELPP_DEFAULT_LOGGER)
+#  define ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID ELPP_DEFAULT_LOGGER
+#else
+#  define ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID el::base::consts::kDefaultLoggerId
+#endif
+#undef ELPP_TRACE
+#define ELPP_TRACE CLOG(TRACE, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+// Normal logs
+#define LOG(LEVEL) CLOG(LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define VLOG(vlevel) CVLOG(vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+// Conditional logs
+#define LOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) CLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define VLOG_IF(condition, vlevel) CVLOG_IF(condition, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+// Hit counts based logs
+#define LOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL) CLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define VLOG_EVERY_N(n, vlevel) CVLOG_EVERY_N(n, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define LOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL) CLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define VLOG_AFTER_N(n, vlevel) CVLOG_AFTER_N(n, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define LOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL) CLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define VLOG_N_TIMES(n, vlevel) CVLOG_N_TIMES(n, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+// Generic PLOG()
+#undef CPLOG
+#undef CPLOG_IF
+#undef PLOG
+#undef PLOG_IF
+#undef DCPLOG
+#undef DCPLOG_IF
+#undef DPLOG
+#undef DPLOG_IF
+#define CPLOG(LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL(el::base::PErrorWriter, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CPLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_IF(el::base::PErrorWriter, condition, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCPLOG(LEVEL, ...)\
+if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) C##LEVEL(el::base::PErrorWriter, el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCPLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_IF(el::base::PErrorWriter, (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) && (condition), el::base::DispatchAction::NormalLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define PLOG(LEVEL) CPLOG(LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define PLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) CPLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DPLOG(LEVEL) DCPLOG(LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DPLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) DCPLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+// Generic SYSLOG()
+#undef CSYSLOG
+#undef CSYSLOG_IF
+#undef CSYSLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef CSYSLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef CSYSLOG_N_TIMES
+#undef SYSLOG
+#undef SYSLOG_IF
+#undef SYSLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef SYSLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef SYSLOG_N_TIMES
+#undef DCSYSLOG
+#undef DCSYSLOG_IF
+#undef DCSYSLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef DCSYSLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef DCSYSLOG_N_TIMES
+#undef DSYSLOG
+#undef DSYSLOG_IF
+#undef DSYSLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef DSYSLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef DSYSLOG_N_TIMES
+#if defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+#  define CSYSLOG(LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL(el::base::Writer, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define CSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_IF(el::base::Writer, condition, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define CSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ...) C##LEVEL##_EVERY_N(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define CSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ...) C##LEVEL##_AFTER_N(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define CSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ...) C##LEVEL##_N_TIMES(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define SYSLOG(LEVEL) CSYSLOG(LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define SYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) CSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define SYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL) CSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define SYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL) CSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define SYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL) CSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define DCSYSLOG(LEVEL, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) C##LEVEL(el::base::Writer, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define DCSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...)\
+C##LEVEL##_IF(el::base::Writer, (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) && (condition), el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define DCSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ...)\
+if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) C##LEVEL##_EVERY_N(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define DCSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ...)\
+if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) C##LEVEL##_AFTER_N(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define DCSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ...)\
+if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) C##LEVEL##_EVERY_N(el::base::Writer, n, el::base::DispatchAction::SysLog, __VA_ARGS__)
+#  define DSYSLOG(LEVEL) DCSYSLOG(LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define DSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) DCSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define DSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL) DCSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define DSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL) DCSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#  define DSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL) DCSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, el::base::consts::kSysLogLoggerId)
+#else
+#  define CSYSLOG(LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define CSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define CSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define CSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define CSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define SYSLOG(LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define SYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define SYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define SYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define SYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DCSYSLOG(LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DCSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DCSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DCSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DCSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ...) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DSYSLOG(LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DSYSLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DSYSLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DSYSLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#  define DSYSLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL) el::base::NullWriter()
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_SYSLOG)
+//
+// Custom Debug Only Loggers - Requires (level, loggerId/s)
+//
+// undef existing
+#undef DCLOG
+#undef DCVLOG
+#undef DCLOG_IF
+#undef DCVLOG_IF
+#undef DCLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef DCVLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef DCLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef DCVLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef DCLOG_N_TIMES
+#undef DCVLOG_N_TIMES
+// Normal logs
+#define DCLOG(LEVEL, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CLOG(LEVEL, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCLOG_VERBOSE(vlevel, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CLOG_VERBOSE(vlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCVLOG(vlevel, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CVLOG(vlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
+// Conditional logs
+#define DCLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCVLOG_IF(condition, vlevel, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CVLOG_IF(condition, vlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
+// Hit counts based logs
+#define DCLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCVLOG_EVERY_N(n, vlevel, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CVLOG_EVERY_N(n, vlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCVLOG_AFTER_N(n, vlevel, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CVLOG_AFTER_N(n, vlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCVLOG_N_TIMES(n, vlevel, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CVLOG_N_TIMES(n, vlevel, __VA_ARGS__)
+//
+// Default Debug Only Loggers macro using CLOG(), CLOG_VERBOSE() and CVLOG() macros
+//
+#if !defined(ELPP_NO_DEBUG_MACROS)
+// undef existing
+#undef DLOG
+#undef DVLOG
+#undef DLOG_IF
+#undef DVLOG_IF
+#undef DLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef DVLOG_EVERY_N
+#undef DLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef DVLOG_AFTER_N
+#undef DLOG_N_TIMES
+#undef DVLOG_N_TIMES
+// Normal logs
+#define DLOG(LEVEL) DCLOG(LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DVLOG(vlevel) DCVLOG(vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+// Conditional logs
+#define DLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL) DCLOG_IF(condition, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DVLOG_IF(condition, vlevel) DCVLOG_IF(condition, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+// Hit counts based logs
+#define DLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL) DCLOG_EVERY_N(n, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DVLOG_EVERY_N(n, vlevel) DCVLOG_EVERY_N(n, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL) DCLOG_AFTER_N(n, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DVLOG_AFTER_N(n, vlevel) DCVLOG_AFTER_N(n, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL) DCLOG_N_TIMES(n, LEVEL, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DVLOG_N_TIMES(n, vlevel) DCVLOG_N_TIMES(n, vlevel, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#endif // defined(ELPP_NO_DEBUG_MACROS)
+#if !defined(ELPP_NO_CHECK_MACROS)
+// Check macros
+#undef CCHECK
+#undef CPCHECK
+#undef CCHECK_EQ
+#undef CCHECK_NE
+#undef CCHECK_LT
+#undef CCHECK_GT
+#undef CCHECK_LE
+#undef CCHECK_GE
+#undef CCHECK_BOUNDS
+#undef CCHECK_NOTNULL
+#undef CCHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#undef CCHECK_STRCASENE
+#undef CHECK
+#undef PCHECK
+#undef CHECK_EQ
+#undef CHECK_NE
+#undef CHECK_LT
+#undef CHECK_GT
+#undef CHECK_LE
+#undef CHECK_GE
+#undef CHECK_BOUNDS
+#undef CHECK_NOTNULL
+#undef CHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#undef CHECK_STRCASENE
+#define CCHECK(condition, ...) CLOG_IF(!(condition), FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) << "Check failed: [" << #condition << "] "
+#define CPCHECK(condition, ...) CPLOG_IF(!(condition), FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) << "Check failed: [" << #condition << "] "
+#define CHECK(condition) CCHECK(condition, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define PCHECK(condition) CPCHECK(condition, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CCHECK_EQ(a, b, ...) CCHECK(a == b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CCHECK_NE(a, b, ...) CCHECK(a != b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CCHECK_LT(a, b, ...) CCHECK(a < b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CCHECK_GT(a, b, ...) CCHECK(a > b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CCHECK_LE(a, b, ...) CCHECK(a <= b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CCHECK_GE(a, b, ...) CCHECK(a >= b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CCHECK_BOUNDS(val, min, max, ...) CCHECK(val >= min && val <= max, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CHECK_EQ(a, b) CCHECK_EQ(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_NE(a, b) CCHECK_NE(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_LT(a, b) CCHECK_LT(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_GT(a, b) CCHECK_GT(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_LE(a, b) CCHECK_LE(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_GE(a, b) CCHECK_GE(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_BOUNDS(val, min, max) CCHECK_BOUNDS(val, min, max, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CCHECK_NOTNULL(ptr, ...) CCHECK((ptr) != nullptr, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define CCHECK_STREQ(str1, str2, ...) CLOG_IF(!el::base::utils::Str::cStringEq(str1, str2), FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) \
+<< "Check failed: [" << #str1 << " == " << #str2 << "] "
+#define CCHECK_STRNE(str1, str2, ...) CLOG_IF(el::base::utils::Str::cStringEq(str1, str2), FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) \
+<< "Check failed: [" << #str1 << " != " << #str2 << "] "
+#define CCHECK_STRCASEEQ(str1, str2, ...) CLOG_IF(!el::base::utils::Str::cStringCaseEq(str1, str2), FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) \
+<< "Check failed: [" << #str1 << " == " << #str2 << "] "
+#define CCHECK_STRCASENE(str1, str2, ...) CLOG_IF(el::base::utils::Str::cStringCaseEq(str1, str2), FATAL, __VA_ARGS__) \
+<< "Check failed: [" << #str1 << " != " << #str2 << "] "
+#define CHECK_NOTNULL(ptr) CCHECK_NOTNULL((ptr), ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_STREQ(str1, str2) CCHECK_STREQ(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_STRNE(str1, str2) CCHECK_STRNE(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_STRCASEEQ(str1, str2) CCHECK_STRCASEEQ(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define CHECK_STRCASENE(str1, str2) CCHECK_STRCASENE(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#undef DCCHECK
+#undef DCCHECK_EQ
+#undef DCCHECK_NE
+#undef DCCHECK_LT
+#undef DCCHECK_GT
+#undef DCCHECK_LE
+#undef DCCHECK_GE
+#undef DCCHECK_BOUNDS
+#undef DCCHECK_NOTNULL
+#undef DCCHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#undef DCCHECK_STRCASENE
+#undef DCPCHECK
+#undef DCHECK
+#undef DCHECK_EQ
+#undef DCHECK_NE
+#undef DCHECK_LT
+#undef DCHECK_GT
+#undef DCHECK_LE
+#undef DCHECK_GE
+#undef DCHECK_BOUNDS_
+#undef DCHECK_NOTNULL
+#undef DCHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#undef DCHECK_STRCASENE
+#undef DPCHECK
+#define DCCHECK(condition, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK(condition, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_EQ(a, b, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_EQ(a, b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_NE(a, b, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_NE(a, b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_LT(a, b, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_LT(a, b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_GT(a, b, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_GT(a, b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_LE(a, b, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_LE(a, b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_GE(a, b, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_GE(a, b, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_BOUNDS(val, min, max, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_BOUNDS(val, min, max, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_NOTNULL(ptr, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_NOTNULL((ptr), __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_STREQ(str1, str2, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_STREQ(str1, str2, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_STRNE(str1, str2, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_STRNE(str1, str2, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_STRCASEEQ(str1, str2, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_STRCASEEQ(str1, str2, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCCHECK_STRCASENE(str1, str2, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CCHECK_STRCASENE(str1, str2, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCPCHECK(condition, ...) if (ELPP_DEBUG_LOG) CPCHECK(condition, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define DCHECK(condition) DCCHECK(condition, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_EQ(a, b) DCCHECK_EQ(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_NE(a, b) DCCHECK_NE(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_LT(a, b) DCCHECK_LT(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_GT(a, b) DCCHECK_GT(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_LE(a, b) DCCHECK_LE(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_GE(a, b) DCCHECK_GE(a, b, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_BOUNDS(val, min, max) DCCHECK_BOUNDS(val, min, max, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_NOTNULL(ptr) DCCHECK_NOTNULL((ptr), ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_STREQ(str1, str2) DCCHECK_STREQ(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_STRNE(str1, str2) DCCHECK_STRNE(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_STRCASEEQ(str1, str2) DCCHECK_STRCASEEQ(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DCHECK_STRCASENE(str1, str2) DCCHECK_STRCASENE(str1, str2, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#define DPCHECK(condition) DCPCHECK(condition, ELPP_CURR_FILE_LOGGER_ID)
+#endif // defined(ELPP_NO_CHECK_MACROS)
+#if defined(ELPP_DISABLE_DEFAULT_CRASH_HANDLING)
+#  define ELPP_USE_DEF_CRASH_HANDLER false
+#else
+#  define ELPP_USE_DEF_CRASH_HANDLER true
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_DISABLE_DEFAULT_CRASH_HANDLING)
+#define ELPP_CRASH_HANDLER_INIT
+#define ELPP_INIT_EASYLOGGINGPP(val) \
+namespace el { \
+namespace base { \
+el::base::type::StoragePointer elStorage(val); \
+} \
+el::base::debug::CrashHandler elCrashHandler(ELPP_USE_DEF_CRASH_HANDLER); \
+}
+
+#if ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+#  define INITIALIZE_EASYLOGGINGPP ELPP_INIT_EASYLOGGINGPP(new el::base::Storage(el::LogBuilderPtr(new el::base::DefaultLogBuilder()),\
+new el::base::AsyncDispatchWorker()))
+#else
+#  define INITIALIZE_EASYLOGGINGPP ELPP_INIT_EASYLOGGINGPP(new el::base::Storage(el::LogBuilderPtr(new el::base::DefaultLogBuilder())))
+#endif  // ELPP_ASYNC_LOGGING
+#define INITIALIZE_NULL_EASYLOGGINGPP \
+namespace el {\
+namespace base {\
+el::base::type::StoragePointer elStorage;\
+}\
+el::base::debug::CrashHandler elCrashHandler(ELPP_USE_DEF_CRASH_HANDLER);\
+}
+#define SHARE_EASYLOGGINGPP(initializedStorage)\
+namespace el {\
+namespace base {\
+el::base::type::StoragePointer elStorage(initializedStorage);\
+}\
+el::base::debug::CrashHandler elCrashHandler(ELPP_USE_DEF_CRASH_HANDLER);\
+}
+
+#if defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+#  define START_EASYLOGGINGPP(argc, argv) el::Helpers::setArgs(argc, argv); std::locale::global(std::locale(""))
+#else
+#  define START_EASYLOGGINGPP(argc, argv) el::Helpers::setArgs(argc, argv)
+#endif  // defined(ELPP_UNICODE)
+#endif // EASYLOGGINGPP_H
diff --git a/depedencies/include/glm/gtx/closest_point.inl b/depedencies/include/glm/gtx/closest_point.inl
index 5c6a879..ccda9ab 100644
--- a/depedencies/include/glm/gtx/closest_point.inl
+++ b/depedencies/include/glm/gtx/closest_point.inl
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace glm
 		tvec3<T, P> Vector = point - a;
 		tvec3<T, P> LineDirection = (b - a) / LineLength;
 
-		// Project Vector to LineDirection to get the distance of point from a
+		// Project Vector3 to LineDirection to get the distance of point from a
 		T Distance = dot(Vector, LineDirection);
 
 		if(Distance <= T(0)) return a;
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ namespace glm
 		tvec2<T, P> Vector = point - a;
 		tvec2<T, P> LineDirection = (b - a) / LineLength;
 
-		// Project Vector to LineDirection to get the distance of point from a
-		T Distance = dot(Vector, LineDirection);
+		// Project Vector3 to LineDirection to get the distance of point from a
+		T Distance = dot(Vector3, LineDirection);
 
 		if(Distance <= T(0)) return a;
 		if(Distance >= LineLength) return b;
diff --git a/depedencies/include/nlohmann/json.hpp b/depedencies/include/nlohmann/json.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1dd4a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/depedencies/include/nlohmann/json.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12506 @@
+/*
+    __ _____ _____ _____
+ __|  |   __|     |   | |  JSON for Modern C++
+|  |  |__   |  |  | | | |  version 2.1.1
+|_____|_____|_____|_|___|  https://github.com/nlohmann/json
+
+Licensed under the MIT License <http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>.
+Copyright (c) 2013-2017 Niels Lohmann <http://nlohmann.me>.
+
+Permission is hereby  granted, free of charge, to any  person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated  documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software  without restriction, including without  limitation the rights
+to  use, copy,  modify, merge,  publish, distribute,  sublicense, and/or  sell
+copies  of  the Software,  and  to  permit persons  to  whom  the Software  is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE  IS PROVIDED "AS  IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY  OF ANY KIND,  EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED,  INCLUDING BUT  NOT  LIMITED TO  THE  WARRANTIES OF  MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT  SHALL THE
+AUTHORS  OR COPYRIGHT  HOLDERS  BE  LIABLE FOR  ANY  CLAIM,  DAMAGES OR  OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF  CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE  OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
+*/
+
+#ifndef NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_HPP
+
+#include <algorithm> // all_of, copy, fill, find, for_each, none_of, remove, reverse, transform
+#include <array> // array
+#include <cassert> // assert
+#include <ciso646> // and, not, or
+#include <clocale> // lconv, localeconv
+#include <cmath> // isfinite, labs, ldexp, signbit
+#include <cstddef> // nullptr_t, ptrdiff_t, size_t
+#include <cstdint> // int64_t, uint64_t
+#include <cstdlib> // abort, strtod, strtof, strtold, strtoul, strtoll, strtoull
+#include <cstring> // strlen
+#include <forward_list> // forward_list
+#include <functional> // function, hash, less
+#include <initializer_list> // initializer_list
+#include <iostream> // istream, ostream
+#include <iterator> // advance, begin, back_inserter, bidirectional_iterator_tag, distance, end, inserter, iterator, iterator_traits, next, random_access_iterator_tag, reverse_iterator
+#include <limits> // numeric_limits
+#include <locale> // locale
+#include <map> // map
+#include <memory> // addressof, allocator, allocator_traits, unique_ptr
+#include <numeric> // accumulate
+#include <sstream> // stringstream
+#include <string> // getline, stoi, string, to_string
+#include <type_traits> // add_pointer, conditional, decay, enable_if, false_type, integral_constant, is_arithmetic, is_base_of, is_const, is_constructible, is_convertible, is_default_constructible, is_enum, is_floating_point, is_integral, is_nothrow_move_assignable, is_nothrow_move_constructible, is_pointer, is_reference, is_same, is_scalar, is_signed, remove_const, remove_cv, remove_pointer, remove_reference, true_type, underlying_type
+#include <utility> // declval, forward, make_pair, move, pair, swap
+#include <vector> // vector
+
+// exclude unsupported compilers
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#if (__clang_major__ * 10000 + __clang_minor__ * 100 + __clang_patchlevel__) < 30400
+#error "unsupported Clang version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
+#endif
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#if (__GNUC__ * 10000 + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__) < 40900
+#error "unsupported GCC version - see https://github.com/nlohmann/json#supported-compilers"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// disable float-equal warnings on GCC/clang
+#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wfloat-equal"
+#endif
+
+// disable documentation warnings on clang
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation"
+#endif
+
+// allow to disable exceptions
+#if (defined(__cpp_exceptions) || defined(__EXCEPTIONS) || defined(_CPPUNWIND)) && not defined(JSON_NOEXCEPTION)
+#define JSON_THROW(exception) throw exception
+#define JSON_TRY try
+#define JSON_CATCH(exception) catch(exception)
+#else
+#define JSON_THROW(exception) std::abort()
+#define JSON_TRY if(true)
+#define JSON_CATCH(exception) if(false)
+#endif
+
+/*!
+@brief namespace for Niels Lohmann
+@see https://github.com/nlohmann
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+namespace nlohmann {
+
+/*!
+@brief unnamed namespace with internal helper functions
+
+This namespace collects some functions that could not be defined inside the
+@ref basic_json class.
+
+@since version 2.1.0
+*/
+    namespace detail {
+////////////////
+// exceptions //
+////////////////
+
+/*!
+@brief general exception of the @ref basic_json class
+
+Extension of std::exception objects with a member @a id for exception ids.
+
+@since version 3.0.0
+*/
+        class exception : public std::exception {
+        public:
+            /// create exception with id an explanatory string
+            exception(int id_, const std::string &ename, const std::string &what_arg_)
+                    : id(id_),
+                      what_arg("[json.exception." + ename + "." + std::to_string(id_) + "] " + what_arg_) {}
+
+            /// returns the explanatory string
+            virtual const char *what() const noexcept override {
+                return what_arg.c_str();
+            }
+
+            /// the id of the exception
+            const int id;
+
+        private:
+            /// the explanatory string
+            const std::string what_arg;
+        };
+
+/*!
+@brief exception indicating a parse error
+
+This excpetion is thrown by the library when a parse error occurs. Parse
+errors can occur during the deserialization of JSON text as well as when
+using JSON Patch.
+
+Member @a byte holds the byte index of the last read character in the input
+file.
+
+@note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character
+      and n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of
+      file. This also holds true when reading a byte vector (CBOR or
+      MessagePack).
+
+Exceptions have ids 1xx.
+
+name / id                      | example massage | description
+------------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------
+json.exception.parse_error.101 | parse error at 2: unexpected end of input; expected string literal | This error indicates a syntax error while deserializing a JSON text. The error message describes that an unexpected token (character) was encountered, and the member @a byte indicates the error position.
+json.exception.parse_error.102 | parse error at 14: missing or wrong low surrogate | JSON uses the `\uxxxx` format to describe Unicode characters. Code points above above 0xFFFF are split into two `\uxxxx` entries ("surrogate pairs"). This error indicates that the surrogate pair is incomplete or contains an invalid code point.
+json.exception.parse_error.103 | parse error: code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid | Unicode supports code points up to 0x10FFFF. Code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid.
+json.exception.parse_error.104 | parse error: JSON patch must be an array of objects | [RFC 6902](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902) requires a JSON Patch document to be a JSON document that represents an array of objects.
+json.exception.parse_error.105 | parse error: operation must have string member 'op' | An operation of a JSON Patch document must contain exactly one "op" member, whose value indicates the operation to perform. Its value must be one of "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or "test"; other values are errors.
+json.exception.parse_error.106 | parse error: array index '01' must not begin with '0' | An array index in a JSON Pointer ([RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) may be `0` or any number wihtout a leading `0`.
+json.exception.parse_error.107 | parse error: JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/' - was: 'foo' | A JSON Pointer must be a Unicode string containing a sequence of zero or more reference tokens, each prefixed by a `/` character.
+json.exception.parse_error.108 | parse error: escape character '~' must be followed with '0' or '1' | In a JSON Pointer, only `~0` and `~1` are valid escape sequences.
+json.exception.parse_error.109 | parse error: array index 'one' is not a number | A JSON Pointer array index must be a number.
+json.exception.parse_error.110 | parse error at 1: cannot read 2 bytes from vector | When parsing CBOR or MessagePack, the byte vector ends before the complete value has been read.
+json.exception.parse_error.111 | parse error: bad input stream | Parsing CBOR or MessagePack from an input stream where the [`badbit` or `failbit`](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/ios_base/iostate) is set.
+json.exception.parse_error.112 | parse error at 1: error reading CBOR; last byte: 0xf8 | Not all types of CBOR or MessagePack are supported. This exception occurs if an unsupported byte was read.
+json.exception.parse_error.113 | parse error at 2: expected a CBOR string; last byte: 0x98 | While parsing a map key, a value that is not a string has been read.
+
+@since version 3.0.0
+*/
+        class parse_error : public exception {
+        public:
+            /*!
+    @brief create a parse error exception
+    @param[in] id_        the id of the exception
+    @param[in] byte_      the byte index where the error occured (or 0 if
+                          the position cannot be determined)
+    @param[in] what_arg_  the explanatory string
+    */
+            parse_error(int id_, size_t byte_, const std::string &what_arg_)
+                    : exception(id_, "parse_error", "parse error" +
+                                                    (byte_ != 0 ? (" at " + std::to_string(byte_)) : "") +
+                                                    ": " + what_arg_),
+                      byte(byte_) {}
+
+            /*!
+    @brief byte index of the parse error
+
+    The byte index of the last read character in the input file.
+
+    @note For an input with n bytes, 1 is the index of the first character
+          and n+1 is the index of the terminating null byte or the end of
+          file. This also holds true when reading a byte vector (CBOR or
+          MessagePack).
+    */
+            const size_t byte;
+        };
+
+/*!
+@brief exception indicating errors with iterators
+
+Exceptions have ids 2xx.
+
+name / id                           | example massage | description
+----------------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.201 | iterators are not compatible | The iterators passed to constructor @ref basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.202 | iterator does not fit current value | In an erase or insert function, the passed iterator @a pos does not belong to the JSON value for which the function was called. It hence does not define a valid position for the deletion/insertion.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.203 | iterators do not fit current value | Either iterator passed to function @ref erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) does not belong to the JSON value from which values shall be erased. It hence does not define a valid range to delete values from.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.204 | iterators out of range | When an iterator range for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to a constructor or an erase function, this range has to be exactly (@ref begin(), @ref end()), because this is the only way the single stored value is expressed. All other ranges are invalid.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.205 | iterator out of range | When an iterator for a primitive type (number, boolean, or string) is passed to an erase function, the iterator has to be the @ref begin() iterator, because it is the only way to address the stored value. All other iterators are invalid.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.206 | cannot construct with iterators from null | The iterators passed to constructor @ref basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) belong to a JSON null value and hence to not define a valid range.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.207 | cannot use key() for non-object iterators | The key() member function can only be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because other types do not have a concept of a key.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.208 | cannot use operator[] for object iterators | The operator[] to specify a concrete offset cannot be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.209 | cannot use offsets with object iterators | The offset operators (+, -, +=, -=) cannot be used on iterators belonging to a JSON object, because JSON objects are unordered.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.210 | iterators do not fit | The iterator range passed to the insert function are not compatible, meaning they do not belong to the same container. Therefore, the range (@a first, @a last) is invalid.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.211 | passed iterators may not belong to container | The iterator range passed to the insert function must not be a subrange of the container to insert to.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.212 | cannot compare iterators of different containers | When two iterators are compared, they must belong to the same container.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.213 | cannot compare order of object iterators | The order of object iterators cannot be compated, because JSON objects are unordered.
+json.exception.invalid_iterator.214 | cannot get value | Cannot get value for iterator: Either the iterator belongs to a null value or it is an iterator to a primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but the iterator is different to @ref begin().
+
+@since version 3.0.0
+*/
+        class invalid_iterator : public exception {
+        public:
+            invalid_iterator(int id_, const std::string &what_arg_)
+                    : exception(id_, "invalid_iterator", what_arg_) {}
+        };
+
+/*!
+@brief exception indicating executing a member function with a wrong type
+
+Exceptions have ids 3xx.
+
+name / id                     | example massage | description
+----------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
+json.exception.type_error.301 | cannot create object from initializer list | To create an object from an initializer list, the initializer list must consist only of a list of pairs whose first element is a string. When this constraint is violated, an array is created instead.
+json.exception.type_error.302 | type must be object, but is array | During implicit or explicit value conversion, the JSON type must be compatible to the target type. For instance, a JSON string can only be converted into string types, but not into numbers or boolean types.
+json.exception.type_error.303 | incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is object | To retrieve a reference to a value stored in a @ref basic_json object with @ref get_ref, the type of the reference must match the value type. For instance, for a JSON array, the @a ReferenceType must be @ref array_t&.
+json.exception.type_error.304 | cannot use at() with string | The @ref at() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.305 | cannot use operator[] with string | The @ref operator[] member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.306 | cannot use value() with string | The @ref value() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.307 | cannot use erase() with string | The @ref erase() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.308 | cannot use push_back() with string | The @ref push_back() and @ref operator+= member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.309 | cannot use insert() with | The @ref insert() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.310 | cannot use swap() with number | The @ref swap() member functions can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.311 | cannot use emplace_back() with string | The @ref emplace_back() member function can only be executed for certain JSON types.
+json.exception.type_error.313 | invalid value to unflatten | The @ref unflatten function converts an object whose keys are JSON Pointers back into an arbitrary nested JSON value. The JSON Pointers must not overlap, because then the resulting value would not be well defined.
+json.exception.type_error.314 | only objects can be unflattened | The @ref unflatten function only works for an object whose keys are JSON Pointers.
+json.exception.type_error.315 | values in object must be primitive | The @ref unflatten function only works for an object whose keys are JSON Pointers and whose values are primitive.
+
+@since version 3.0.0
+*/
+        class type_error : public exception {
+        public:
+            type_error(int id_, const std::string &what_arg_)
+                    : exception(id_, "type_error", what_arg_) {}
+        };
+
+/*!
+@brief exception indicating access out of the defined range
+
+Exceptions have ids 4xx.
+
+name / id                       | example massage | description
+------------------------------- | --------------- | -------------------------
+json.exception.out_of_range.401 | array index 3 is out of range | The provided array index @a i is larger than @a size-1.
+json.exception.out_of_range.402 | array index '-' (3) is out of range | The special array index `-` in a JSON Pointer never describes a valid element of the array, but the index past the end. That is, it can only be used to add elements at this position, but not to read it.
+json.exception.out_of_range.403 | key 'foo' not found | The provided key was not found in the JSON object.
+json.exception.out_of_range.404 | unresolved reference token 'foo' | A reference token in a JSON Pointer could not be resolved.
+json.exception.out_of_range.405 | JSON pointer has no parent | The JSON Patch operations 'remove' and 'add' can not be applied to the root element of the JSON value.
+json.exception.out_of_range.406 | number overflow parsing '10E1000' | A parsed number could not be stored as without changing it to NaN or INF.
+
+@since version 3.0.0
+*/
+        class out_of_range : public exception {
+        public:
+            out_of_range(int id_, const std::string &what_arg_)
+                    : exception(id_, "out_of_range", what_arg_) {}
+        };
+
+/*!
+@brief exception indicating other errors
+
+Exceptions have ids 5xx.
+
+name / id                      | example massage | description
+------------------------------ | --------------- | -------------------------
+json.exception.other_error.501 | unsuccessful: {"op":"test","path":"/baz", "value":"bar"} | A JSON Patch operation 'test' failed. The unsuccessful operation is also printed.
+
+@since version 3.0.0
+*/
+        class other_error : public exception {
+        public:
+            other_error(int id_, const std::string &what_arg_)
+                    : exception(id_, "other_error", what_arg_) {}
+        };
+
+
+
+///////////////////////////
+// JSON type enumeration //
+///////////////////////////
+
+/*!
+@brief the JSON type enumeration
+
+This enumeration collects the different JSON types. It is internally used to
+distinguish the stored values, and the functions @ref basic_json::is_null(),
+@ref basic_json::is_object(), @ref basic_json::is_array(),
+@ref basic_json::is_string(), @ref basic_json::is_boolean(),
+@ref basic_json::is_number() (with @ref basic_json::is_number_integer(),
+@ref basic_json::is_number_unsigned(), and @ref basic_json::is_number_float()),
+@ref basic_json::is_discarded(), @ref basic_json::is_primitive(), and
+@ref basic_json::is_structured() rely on it.
+
+@note There are three enumeration entries (number_integer, number_unsigned, and
+number_float), because the library distinguishes these three types for numbers:
+@ref basic_json::number_unsigned_t is used for unsigned integers,
+@ref basic_json::number_integer_t is used for signed integers, and
+@ref basic_json::number_float_t is used for floating-point numbers or to
+approximate integers which do not fit in the limits of their respective type.
+
+@sa @ref basic_json::basic_json(const value_t value_type) -- create a JSON
+value with the default value for a given type
+
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+        enum class value_t : uint8_t {
+            null,            ///< null value
+            object,          ///< object (unordered set of name/value pairs)
+            array,           ///< array (ordered collection of values)
+            string,          ///< string value
+            boolean,         ///< boolean value
+            number_integer,  ///< number value (signed integer)
+            number_unsigned, ///< number value (unsigned integer)
+            number_float,    ///< number value (floating-point)
+            discarded        ///< discarded by the the parser callback function
+        };
+
+/*!
+@brief comparison operator for JSON types
+
+Returns an ordering that is similar to Python:
+- order: null < boolean < number < object < array < string
+- furthermore, each type is not smaller than itself
+
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+        inline bool operator<(const value_t lhs, const value_t rhs) noexcept {
+            static constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 8> order = {{
+                                                                     0, // null
+                                                                     3, // object
+                                                                     4, // array
+                                                                     5, // string
+                                                                     1, // boolean
+                                                                     2, // integer
+                                                                     2, // unsigned
+                                                                     2, // float
+                                                             }
+            };
+
+            // discarded values are not comparable
+            if (lhs == value_t::discarded or rhs == value_t::discarded) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            return order[static_cast<std::size_t>(lhs)] <
+                   order[static_cast<std::size_t>(rhs)];
+        }
+
+
+/////////////
+// helpers //
+/////////////
+
+// alias templates to reduce boilerplate
+        template<bool B, typename T = void>
+        using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+
+        template<typename T>
+        using uncvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<typename std::remove_reference<T>::type>::type;
+
+// taken from http://stackoverflow.com/a/26936864/266378
+        template<typename T>
+        using is_unscoped_enum =
+        std::integral_constant<bool, std::is_convertible<T, int>::value and
+                                     std::is_enum<T>::value>;
+
+/*
+Implementation of two C++17 constructs: conjunction, negation. This is needed
+to avoid evaluating all the traits in a condition
+
+For example: not std::is_same<void, T>::value and has_value_type<T>::value
+will not compile when T = void (on MSVC at least). Whereas
+conjunction<negation<std::is_same<void, T>>, has_value_type<T>>::value will
+stop evaluating if negation<...>::value == false
+
+Please note that those constructs must be used with caution, since symbols can
+become very long quickly (which can slow down compilation and cause MSVC
+internal compiler errors). Only use it when you have to (see example ahead).
+*/
+        template<class...>
+        struct conjunction : std::true_type {
+        };
+        template<class B1>
+        struct conjunction<B1> : B1 {
+        };
+        template<class B1, class... Bn>
+        struct conjunction<B1, Bn...> : std::conditional<bool(B1::value), conjunction<Bn...>, B1>::type {
+        };
+
+        template<class B>
+        struct negation : std::integral_constant<bool, !B::value> {
+        };
+
+// dispatch utility (taken from ranges-v3)
+        template<unsigned N>
+        struct priority_tag : priority_tag<N - 1> {
+        };
+        template<>
+        struct priority_tag<0> {
+        };
+
+
+//////////////////
+// constructors //
+//////////////////
+
+        template<value_t>
+        struct external_constructor;
+
+        template<>
+        struct external_constructor<value_t::boolean> {
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t b) noexcept {
+                j.m_type = value_t::boolean;
+                j.m_value = b;
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<>
+        struct external_constructor<value_t::string> {
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::string_t &s) {
+                j.m_type = value_t::string;
+                j.m_value = s;
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<>
+        struct external_constructor<value_t::number_float> {
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t val) noexcept {
+                j.m_type = value_t::number_float;
+                j.m_value = val;
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<>
+        struct external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned> {
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t val) noexcept {
+                j.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
+                j.m_value = val;
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<>
+        struct external_constructor<value_t::number_integer> {
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t val) noexcept {
+                j.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
+                j.m_value = val;
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<>
+        struct external_constructor<value_t::array> {
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::array_t &arr) {
+                j.m_type = value_t::array;
+                j.m_value = arr;
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
+                    enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleArrayType,
+                            typename BasicJsonType::array_t>::value,
+                            int> = 0>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleArrayType &arr) {
+                using std::begin;
+                using std::end;
+                j.m_type = value_t::array;
+                j.m_value.array = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::array_t>(begin(arr), end(arr));
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const std::vector<bool> &arr) {
+                j.m_type = value_t::array;
+                j.m_value = value_t::array;
+                j.m_value.array->reserve(arr.size());
+                for (bool x : arr) {
+                    j.m_value.array->push_back(x);
+                }
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+        };
+
+        template<>
+        struct external_constructor<value_t::object> {
+            template<typename BasicJsonType>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const typename BasicJsonType::object_t &obj) {
+                j.m_type = value_t::object;
+                j.m_value = obj;
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
+                    enable_if_t<not std::is_same<CompatibleObjectType,
+                            typename BasicJsonType::object_t>::value,
+                            int> = 0>
+            static void construct(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleObjectType &obj) {
+                using std::begin;
+                using std::end;
+
+                j.m_type = value_t::object;
+                j.m_value.object = j.template create<typename BasicJsonType::object_t>(begin(obj), end(obj));
+                j.assert_invariant();
+            }
+        };
+
+
+////////////////////////
+// has_/is_ functions //
+////////////////////////
+
+/*!
+@brief Helper to determine whether there's a key_type for T.
+
+This helper is used to tell associative containers apart from other containers
+such as sequence containers. For instance, `std::map` passes the test as it
+contains a `mapped_type`, whereas `std::vector` fails the test.
+
+@sa http://stackoverflow.com/a/7728728/266378
+@since version 1.0.0, overworked in version 2.0.6
+*/
+#define NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(type)                                        \
+    template<typename T> struct has_##type {                                  \
+    private:                                                                  \
+        template<typename U, typename = typename U::type>                     \
+        static int detect(U &&);                                              \
+        static void detect(...);                                              \
+    public:                                                                   \
+        static constexpr bool value =                                         \
+                std::is_integral<decltype(detect(std::declval<T>()))>::value; \
+    }
+
+        NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(mapped_type);
+
+        NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(key_type);
+
+        NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(value_type);
+
+        NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER(iterator);
+
+#undef NLOHMANN_JSON_HAS_HELPER
+
+
+        template<bool B, class RealType, class CompatibleObjectType>
+        struct is_compatible_object_type_impl : std::false_type {
+        };
+
+        template<class RealType, class CompatibleObjectType>
+        struct is_compatible_object_type_impl<true, RealType, CompatibleObjectType> {
+            static constexpr auto value =
+                    std::is_constructible<typename RealType::key_type,
+                            typename CompatibleObjectType::key_type>::value and
+                    std::is_constructible<typename RealType::mapped_type,
+                            typename CompatibleObjectType::mapped_type>::value;
+        };
+
+        template<class BasicJsonType, class CompatibleObjectType>
+        struct is_compatible_object_type {
+            static auto constexpr value = is_compatible_object_type_impl<
+                    conjunction<negation<std::is_same<void, CompatibleObjectType>>,
+                            has_mapped_type<CompatibleObjectType>,
+                            has_key_type<CompatibleObjectType>>::value,
+                    typename BasicJsonType::object_t, CompatibleObjectType>::value;
+        };
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+        struct is_basic_json_nested_type {
+            static auto constexpr value = std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::iterator>::value or
+                                          std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::const_iterator>::value or
+                                          std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::reverse_iterator>::value or
+                                          std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::const_reverse_iterator>::value or
+                                          std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::json_pointer>::value;
+        };
+
+        template<class BasicJsonType, class CompatibleArrayType>
+        struct is_compatible_array_type {
+            static auto constexpr value =
+                    conjunction<negation<std::is_same<void, CompatibleArrayType>>,
+                            negation<is_compatible_object_type<
+                                    BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>>,
+                            negation<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
+                                    CompatibleArrayType>>,
+                            negation<is_basic_json_nested_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>>,
+                            has_value_type<CompatibleArrayType>,
+                            has_iterator<CompatibleArrayType>>::value;
+        };
+
+        template<bool, typename, typename>
+        struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl : std::false_type {
+        };
+
+        template<typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
+        struct is_compatible_integer_type_impl<true, RealIntegerType, CompatibleNumberIntegerType> {
+            // is there an assert somewhere on overflows?
+            using RealLimits = std::numeric_limits<RealIntegerType>;
+            using CompatibleLimits = std::numeric_limits<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>;
+
+            static constexpr auto value =
+                    std::is_constructible<RealIntegerType,
+                            CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
+                    CompatibleLimits::is_integer and
+                    RealLimits::is_signed == CompatibleLimits::is_signed;
+        };
+
+        template<typename RealIntegerType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType>
+        struct is_compatible_integer_type {
+            static constexpr auto value =
+                    is_compatible_integer_type_impl<
+                            std::is_integral<CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value and
+                            not std::is_same<bool, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value,
+                            RealIntegerType, CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value;
+        };
+
+
+// trait checking if JSONSerializer<T>::from_json(json const&, udt&) exists
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+        struct has_from_json {
+        private:
+            // also check the return type of from_json
+            template<typename U, typename = enable_if_t<std::is_same<void, decltype(uncvref_t<U>::from_json(
+                    std::declval<BasicJsonType>(), std::declval<T &>()))>::value>>
+            static int detect(U &&);
+
+            static void detect(...);
+
+        public:
+            static constexpr bool value = std::is_integral<decltype(
+            detect(std::declval<typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>>()))>::value;
+        };
+
+// This trait checks if JSONSerializer<T>::from_json(json const&) exists
+// this overload is used for non-default-constructible user-defined-types
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+        struct has_non_default_from_json {
+        private:
+            template<
+                    typename U,
+                    typename = enable_if_t<std::is_same<
+                            T, decltype(uncvref_t<U>::from_json(std::declval<BasicJsonType>()))>::value >>
+            static int detect(U &&);
+
+            static void detect(...);
+
+        public:
+            static constexpr bool value = std::is_integral<decltype(detect(
+                    std::declval<typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>>()))>::value;
+        };
+
+// This trait checks if BasicJsonType::json_serializer<T>::to_json exists
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+        struct has_to_json {
+        private:
+            template<typename U, typename = decltype(uncvref_t<U>::to_json(
+                    std::declval<BasicJsonType &>(), std::declval<T>()))>
+            static int detect(U &&);
+
+            static void detect(...);
+
+        public:
+            static constexpr bool value = std::is_integral<decltype(detect(
+                    std::declval<typename BasicJsonType::template json_serializer<T, void>>()))>::value;
+        };
+
+
+/////////////
+// to_json //
+/////////////
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, enable_if_t<
+                std::is_same<T, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value, int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, T b) noexcept {
+            external_constructor<value_t::boolean>::construct(j, b);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleString,
+                enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<typename BasicJsonType::string_t,
+                        CompatibleString>::value, int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleString &s) {
+            external_constructor<value_t::string>::construct(j, s);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename FloatType,
+                enable_if_t<std::is_floating_point<FloatType>::value, int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, FloatType val) noexcept {
+            external_constructor<value_t::number_float>::construct(j,
+                                                                   static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>(val));
+        }
+
+        template<
+                typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberUnsignedType,
+                enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t,
+                        CompatibleNumberUnsignedType>::value, int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleNumberUnsignedType val) noexcept {
+            external_constructor<value_t::number_unsigned>::construct(j,
+                                                                      static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>(val));
+        }
+
+        template<
+                typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleNumberIntegerType,
+                enable_if_t<is_compatible_integer_type<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t,
+                        CompatibleNumberIntegerType>::value, int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleNumberIntegerType val) noexcept {
+            external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j,
+                                                                     static_cast<typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>(val));
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename UnscopedEnumType,
+                enable_if_t<is_unscoped_enum<UnscopedEnumType>::value, int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, UnscopedEnumType e) noexcept {
+            external_constructor<value_t::number_integer>::construct(j, e);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const std::vector<bool> &e) {
+            external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, e);
+        }
+
+        template<
+                typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
+                enable_if_t<
+                        is_compatible_array_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value or
+                        std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::array_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleArrayType &arr) {
+            external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
+        }
+
+        template<
+                typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
+                enable_if_t<is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, const CompatibleObjectType &arr) {
+            external_constructor<value_t::object>::construct(j, arr);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, std::size_t N,
+                enable_if_t<not std::is_constructible<
+                        typename BasicJsonType::string_t, T (&)[N]>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, T (&arr)[N]) {
+            external_constructor<value_t::array>::construct(j, arr);
+        }
+
+///////////////
+// from_json //
+///////////////
+
+// overloads for basic_json template parameters
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
+                enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
+                            not std::is_same<ArithmeticType,
+                                    typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        void get_arithmetic_value(const BasicJsonType &j, ArithmeticType &val) {
+            switch (static_cast<value_t>(j)) {
+                case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+                            *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t *>());
+                    break;
+                }
+                case value_t::number_integer: {
+                    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+                            *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t *>());
+                    break;
+                }
+                case value_t::number_float: {
+                    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(
+                            *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t *>());
+                    break;
+                }
+                default: {
+                    JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be number, but is " + j.type_name()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t &b) {
+            if (not j.is_boolean()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be boolean, but is " + j.type_name()));
+            }
+            b = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t *>();
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::string_t &s) {
+            if (not j.is_string()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be string, but is " + j.type_name()));
+            }
+            s = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::string_t *>();
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t &val) {
+            get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t &val) {
+            get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t &val) {
+            get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename UnscopedEnumType,
+                enable_if_t<is_unscoped_enum<UnscopedEnumType>::value, int> = 0>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, UnscopedEnumType &e) {
+            typename std::underlying_type<UnscopedEnumType>::type val;
+            get_arithmetic_value(j, val);
+            e = static_cast<UnscopedEnumType>(val);
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, typename BasicJsonType::array_t &arr) {
+            if (not j.is_array()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
+            }
+            arr = *j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::array_t *>();
+        }
+
+// forward_list doesn't have an insert method
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T, typename Allocator,
+                enable_if_t<std::is_convertible<BasicJsonType, T>::value, int> = 0>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, std::forward_list<T, Allocator> &l) {
+            if (not j.is_array()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
+            }
+
+            for (auto it = j.rbegin(), end = j.rend(); it != end; ++it) {
+                l.push_front(it->template get<T>());
+            }
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
+        void from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleArrayType &arr, priority_tag<0>) {
+            using std::begin;
+            using std::end;
+
+            std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(),
+                           std::inserter(arr, end(arr)), [](const BasicJsonType &i) {
+                        // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
+                        // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
+                        return i.template get<typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>();
+                    });
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType>
+        auto from_json_array_impl(const BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleArrayType &arr, priority_tag<1>)
+        -> decltype(
+        arr.reserve(std::declval<typename CompatibleArrayType::size_type>()),
+                void()) {
+            using std::begin;
+            using std::end;
+
+            arr.reserve(j.size());
+            std::transform(j.begin(), j.end(),
+                           std::inserter(arr, end(arr)), [](const BasicJsonType &i) {
+                        // get<BasicJsonType>() returns *this, this won't call a from_json
+                        // method when value_type is BasicJsonType
+                        return i.template get<typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>();
+                    });
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType,
+                enable_if_t<is_compatible_array_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleArrayType>::value and
+                            std::is_convertible<BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleArrayType::value_type>::value and
+                            not std::is_same<typename BasicJsonType::array_t, CompatibleArrayType>::value, int> = 0>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleArrayType &arr) {
+            if (not j.is_array()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be array, but is " + j.type_name()));
+            }
+
+            from_json_array_impl(j, arr, priority_tag<1> {});
+        }
+
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename CompatibleObjectType,
+                enable_if_t<is_compatible_object_type<BasicJsonType, CompatibleObjectType>::value, int> = 0>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, CompatibleObjectType &obj) {
+            if (not j.is_object()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be object, but is " + j.type_name()));
+            }
+
+            auto inner_object = j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::object_t *>();
+            using std::begin;
+            using std::end;
+            // we could avoid the assignment, but this might require a for loop, which
+            // might be less efficient than the container constructor for some
+            // containers (would it?)
+            obj = CompatibleObjectType(begin(*inner_object), end(*inner_object));
+        }
+
+// overload for arithmetic types, not chosen for basic_json template arguments
+// (BooleanType, etc..); note: Is it really necessary to provide explicit
+// overloads for boolean_t etc. in case of a custom BooleanType which is not
+// an arithmetic type?
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ArithmeticType,
+                enable_if_t<
+                        std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value and
+                        not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t>::value and
+                        not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t>::value and
+                        not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t>::value and
+                        not std::is_same<ArithmeticType, typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        void from_json(const BasicJsonType &j, ArithmeticType &val) {
+            switch (static_cast<value_t>(j)) {
+                case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_unsigned_t *>());
+                    break;
+                }
+                case value_t::number_integer: {
+                    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_integer_t *>());
+                    break;
+                }
+                case value_t::number_float: {
+                    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::number_float_t *>());
+                    break;
+                }
+                case value_t::boolean: {
+                    val = static_cast<ArithmeticType>(*j.template get_ptr<const typename BasicJsonType::boolean_t *>());
+                    break;
+                }
+                default: {
+                    JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be number, but is " + j.type_name()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        struct to_json_fn {
+        private:
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+            auto
+            call(BasicJsonType &j, T &&val, priority_tag<1>) const noexcept(noexcept(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val))))
+            -> decltype(to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val)), void()) {
+                return to_json(j, std::forward<T>(val));
+            }
+
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+            void call(BasicJsonType &, T &&, priority_tag<0>) const noexcept {
+                static_assert(sizeof(BasicJsonType) == 0,
+                              "could not find to_json() method in T's namespace");
+            }
+
+        public:
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+            void operator()(BasicJsonType &j, T &&val) const
+            noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<to_json_fn>().call(j, std::forward<T>(val), priority_tag<1> {}))) {
+                return call(j, std::forward<T>(val), priority_tag<1> {});
+            }
+        };
+
+        struct from_json_fn {
+        private:
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+            auto call(const BasicJsonType &j, T &val, priority_tag<1>) const
+            noexcept(noexcept(from_json(j, val)))
+            -> decltype(from_json(j, val), void()) {
+                return from_json(j, val);
+            }
+
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+            void call(const BasicJsonType &, T &, priority_tag<0>) const noexcept {
+                static_assert(sizeof(BasicJsonType) == 0,
+                              "could not find from_json() method in T's namespace");
+            }
+
+        public:
+            template<typename BasicJsonType, typename T>
+            void operator()(const BasicJsonType &j, T &val) const
+            noexcept(noexcept(std::declval<from_json_fn>().call(j, val, priority_tag<1> {}))) {
+                return call(j, val, priority_tag<1> {});
+            }
+        };
+
+// taken from ranges-v3
+        template<typename T>
+        struct static_const {
+            static constexpr T value{};
+        };
+
+        template<typename T>
+        constexpr T static_const<T>::value;
+    } // namespace detail
+
+
+/// namespace to hold default `to_json` / `from_json` functions
+    namespace {
+        constexpr const auto &to_json = detail::static_const<detail::to_json_fn>::value;
+        constexpr const auto &from_json = detail::static_const<detail::from_json_fn>::value;
+    }
+
+
+/*!
+@brief default JSONSerializer template argument
+
+This serializer ignores the template arguments and uses ADL
+([argument-dependent lookup](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/adl))
+for serialization.
+*/
+    template<typename = void, typename = void>
+    struct adl_serializer {
+        /*!
+    @brief convert a JSON value to any value type
+
+    This function is usually called by the `get()` function of the
+    @ref basic_json class (either explicit or via conversion operators).
+
+    @param[in] j         JSON value to read from
+    @param[in,out] val  value to write to
+    */
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
+        static void from_json(BasicJsonType &&j, ValueType &val) noexcept(
+        noexcept(::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val))) {
+            ::nlohmann::from_json(std::forward<BasicJsonType>(j), val);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief convert any value type to a JSON value
+
+    This function is usually called by the constructors of the @ref basic_json
+    class.
+
+    @param[in,out] j  JSON value to write to
+    @param[in] val     value to read from
+    */
+        template<typename BasicJsonType, typename ValueType>
+        static void to_json(BasicJsonType &j, ValueType &&val) noexcept(
+        noexcept(::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val)))) {
+            ::nlohmann::to_json(j, std::forward<ValueType>(val));
+        }
+    };
+
+
+/*!
+@brief a class to store JSON values
+
+@tparam ObjectType type for JSON objects (`std::map` by default; will be used
+in @ref object_t)
+@tparam ArrayType type for JSON arrays (`std::vector` by default; will be used
+in @ref array_t)
+@tparam StringType type for JSON strings and object keys (`std::string` by
+default; will be used in @ref string_t)
+@tparam BooleanType type for JSON booleans (`bool` by default; will be used
+in @ref boolean_t)
+@tparam NumberIntegerType type for JSON integer numbers (`int64_t` by
+default; will be used in @ref number_integer_t)
+@tparam NumberUnsignedType type for JSON unsigned integer numbers (@c
+`uint64_t` by default; will be used in @ref number_unsigned_t)
+@tparam NumberFloatType type for JSON floating-point numbers (`double` by
+default; will be used in @ref number_float_t)
+@tparam AllocatorType type of the allocator to use (`std::allocator` by
+default)
+@tparam JSONSerializer the serializer to resolve internal calls to `to_json()`
+and `from_json()` (@ref adl_serializer by default)
+
+@requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
+- Basic
+ - [DefaultConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/DefaultConstructible):
+   JSON values can be default constructed. The result will be a JSON null
+   value.
+ - [MoveConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/MoveConstructible):
+   A JSON value can be constructed from an rvalue argument.
+ - [CopyConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/CopyConstructible):
+   A JSON value can be copy-constructed from an lvalue expression.
+ - [MoveAssignable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/MoveAssignable):
+   A JSON value van be assigned from an rvalue argument.
+ - [CopyAssignable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/CopyAssignable):
+   A JSON value can be copy-assigned from an lvalue expression.
+ - [Destructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Destructible):
+   JSON values can be destructed.
+- Layout
+ - [StandardLayoutType](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/StandardLayoutType):
+   JSON values have
+   [standard layout](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/data_members#Standard_layout):
+   All non-static data members are private and standard layout types, the
+   class has no virtual functions or (virtual) base classes.
+- Library-wide
+ - [EqualityComparable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/EqualityComparable):
+   JSON values can be compared with `==`, see @ref
+   operator==(const_reference,const_reference).
+ - [LessThanComparable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/LessThanComparable):
+   JSON values can be compared with `<`, see @ref
+   operator<(const_reference,const_reference).
+ - [Swappable](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Swappable):
+   Any JSON lvalue or rvalue of can be swapped with any lvalue or rvalue of
+   other compatible types, using unqualified function call @ref swap().
+ - [NullablePointer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/NullablePointer):
+   JSON values can be compared against `std::nullptr_t` objects which are used
+   to model the `null` value.
+- Container
+ - [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container):
+   JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide iterator access.
+ - [ReversibleContainer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/ReversibleContainer);
+   JSON values can be used like STL containers and provide reverse iterator
+   access.
+
+@invariant The member variables @a m_value and @a m_type have the following
+relationship:
+- If `m_type == value_t::object`, then `m_value.object != nullptr`.
+- If `m_type == value_t::array`, then `m_value.array != nullptr`.
+- If `m_type == value_t::string`, then `m_value.string != nullptr`.
+The invariants are checked by member function assert_invariant().
+
+@internal
+@note ObjectType trick from http://stackoverflow.com/a/9860911
+@endinternal
+
+@see [RFC 7159: The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange
+Format](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159)
+
+@since version 1.0.0
+
+@nosubgrouping
+*/
+    template<
+            template<typename U, typename V, typename... Args> class ObjectType = std::map,
+            template<typename U, typename... Args> class ArrayType = std::vector,
+            class StringType = std::string,
+            class BooleanType = bool,
+            class NumberIntegerType = std::int64_t,
+            class NumberUnsignedType = std::uint64_t,
+            class NumberFloatType = double,
+            template<typename U> class AllocatorType = std::allocator,
+            template<typename T, typename SFINAE = void> class JSONSerializer = adl_serializer
+    >
+    class basic_json {
+    private:
+        template<detail::value_t> friend
+        struct detail::external_constructor;
+        /// workaround type for MSVC
+        using basic_json_t = basic_json<ObjectType, ArrayType, StringType,
+                BooleanType, NumberIntegerType, NumberUnsignedType, NumberFloatType,
+                AllocatorType, JSONSerializer>;
+
+    public:
+        using value_t = detail::value_t;
+
+        // forward declarations
+        template<typename U>
+        class iter_impl;
+
+        template<typename Base>
+        class json_reverse_iterator;
+
+        class json_pointer;
+
+        template<typename T, typename SFINAE>
+        using json_serializer = JSONSerializer<T, SFINAE>;
+
+
+        ////////////////
+        // exceptions //
+        ////////////////
+
+        /// @name exceptions
+        /// Classes to implement user-defined exceptions.
+        /// @{
+
+        /// @copydoc detail::exception
+        using exception = detail::exception;
+        /// @copydoc detail::parse_error
+        using parse_error = detail::parse_error;
+        /// @copydoc detail::invalid_iterator
+        using invalid_iterator = detail::invalid_iterator;
+        /// @copydoc detail::type_error
+        using type_error = detail::type_error;
+        /// @copydoc detail::out_of_range
+        using out_of_range = detail::out_of_range;
+        /// @copydoc detail::other_error
+        using other_error = detail::other_error;
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        /////////////////////
+        // container types //
+        /////////////////////
+
+        /// @name container types
+        /// The canonic container types to use @ref basic_json like any other STL
+        /// container.
+        /// @{
+
+        /// the type of elements in a basic_json container
+        using value_type = basic_json;
+
+        /// the type of an element reference
+        using reference = value_type &;
+        /// the type of an element const reference
+        using const_reference = const value_type &;
+
+        /// a type to represent differences between iterators
+        using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+        /// a type to represent container sizes
+        using size_type = std::size_t;
+
+        /// the allocator type
+        using allocator_type = AllocatorType<basic_json>;
+
+        /// the type of an element pointer
+        using pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::pointer;
+        /// the type of an element const pointer
+        using const_pointer = typename std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::const_pointer;
+
+        /// an iterator for a basic_json container
+        using iterator = iter_impl<basic_json>;
+        /// a const iterator for a basic_json container
+        using const_iterator = iter_impl<const basic_json>;
+        /// a reverse iterator for a basic_json container
+        using reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::iterator>;
+        /// a const reverse iterator for a basic_json container
+        using const_reverse_iterator = json_reverse_iterator<typename basic_json::const_iterator>;
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns the allocator associated with the container
+    */
+        static allocator_type get_allocator() {
+            return allocator_type();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns version information on the library
+
+    This function returns a JSON object with information about the library,
+    including the version number and information on the platform and compiler.
+
+    @return JSON object holding version information
+    key         | description
+    ----------- | ---------------
+    `compiler`  | Information on the used compiler. It is an object with the following keys: `c++` (the used C++ standard), `family` (the compiler family; possible values are `clang`, `icc`, `gcc`, `ilecpp`, `msvc`, `pgcpp`, `sunpro`, and `unknown`), and `version` (the compiler version).
+    `copyright` | The copyright line for the library as string.
+    `name`      | The name of the library as string.
+    `platform`  | The used platform as string. Possible values are `win32`, `linux`, `apple`, `unix`, and `unknown`.
+    `url`       | The URL of the project as string.
+    `version`   | The version of the library. It is an object with the following keys: `major`, `minor`, and `patch` as defined by [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org), and `string` (the version string).
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example output of the `meta()`
+    function.,meta}
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @since 2.1.0
+    */
+        static basic_json meta() {
+            basic_json result;
+
+            result["copyright"] = "(C) 2013-2017 Niels Lohmann";
+            result["name"] = "JSON for Modern C++";
+            result["url"] = "https://github.com/nlohmann/json";
+            result["version"] =
+                    {
+                            {"string", "2.1.1"},
+                            {"major",  2},
+                            {"minor",  1},
+                            {"patch",  1}
+                    };
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+            result["platform"] = "win32";
+#elif defined __linux__
+            result["platform"] = "linux";
+#elif defined __APPLE__
+            result["platform"] = "apple";
+#elif defined __unix__
+        result["platform"] = "unix";
+#else
+        result["platform"] = "unknown";
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+            result["compiler"] = {{"family", "clang"}, {"version", __clang_version__}};
+#elif defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+            result["compiler"] = {{"family", "icc"}, {"version", __INTEL_COMPILER}};
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
+            result["compiler"] = {{"family",  "gcc"},
+                                  {"version", std::to_string(__GNUC__) + "." + std::to_string(__GNUC_MINOR__) + "." +
+                                              std::to_string(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)}};
+#elif defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
+            result["compiler"] = "hp"
+#elif defined(__IBMCPP__)
+        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "ilecpp"}, {"version", __IBMCPP__}};
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "msvc"}, {"version", _MSC_VER}};
+#elif defined(__PGI)
+        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "pgcpp"}, {"version", __PGI}};
+#elif defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
+        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "sunpro"}, {"version", __SUNPRO_CC}};
+#else
+        result["compiler"] = {{"family", "unknown"}, {"version", "unknown"}};
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+            result["compiler"]["c++"] = std::to_string(__cplusplus);
+#else
+            result["compiler"]["c++"] = "unknown";
+#endif
+            return result;
+        }
+
+
+        ///////////////////////////
+        // JSON value data types //
+        ///////////////////////////
+
+        /// @name JSON value data types
+        /// The data types to store a JSON value. These types are derived from
+        /// the template arguments passed to class @ref basic_json.
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a type for an object
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON objects as follows:
+    > An object is an unordered collection of zero or more name/value pairs,
+    > where a name is a string and a value is a string, number, boolean, null,
+    > object, or array.
+
+    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters
+    described below.
+
+    @tparam ObjectType  the container to store objects (e.g., `std::map` or
+    `std::unordered_map`)
+    @tparam StringType the type of the keys or names (e.g., `std::string`).
+    The comparison function `std::less<StringType>` is used to order elements
+    inside the container.
+    @tparam AllocatorType the allocator to use for objects (e.g.,
+    `std::allocator`)
+
+    #### Default type
+
+    With the default values for @a ObjectType (`std::map`), @a StringType
+    (`std::string`), and @a AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default
+    value for @a object_t is:
+
+    @code {.cpp}
+    std::map<
+      std::string, // key_type
+      basic_json, // value_type
+      std::less<std::string>, // key_compare
+      std::allocator<std::pair<const std::string, basic_json>> // allocator_type
+    >
+    @endcode
+
+    #### Behavior
+
+    The choice of @a object_t influences the behavior of the JSON class. With
+    the default type, objects have the following behavior:
+
+    - When all names are unique, objects will be interoperable in the sense
+      that all software implementations receiving that object will agree on
+      the name-value mappings.
+    - When the names within an object are not unique, later stored name/value
+      pairs overwrite previously stored name/value pairs, leaving the used
+      names unique. For instance, `{"key": 1}` and `{"key": 2, "key": 1}` will
+      be treated as equal and both stored as `{"key": 1}`.
+    - Internally, name/value pairs are stored in lexicographical order of the
+      names. Objects will also be serialized (see @ref dump) in this order.
+      For instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be stored
+      and serialized as `{"a": 2, "b": 1}`.
+    - When comparing objects, the order of the name/value pairs is irrelevant.
+      This makes objects interoperable in the sense that they will not be
+      affected by these differences. For instance, `{"b": 1, "a": 2}` and
+      `{"a": 2, "b": 1}` will be treated as equal.
+
+    #### Limits
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+    > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
+
+    In this class, the object's limit of nesting is not constraint explicitly.
+    However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
+    runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
+    @ref max_size function of a JSON object.
+
+    #### Storage
+
+    Objects are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is, for any
+    access to object values, a pointer of type `object_t*` must be
+    dereferenced.
+
+    @sa @ref array_t -- type for an array value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+
+    @note The order name/value pairs are added to the object is *not*
+    preserved by the library. Therefore, iterating an object may return
+    name/value pairs in a different order than they were originally stored. In
+    fact, keys will be traversed in alphabetical order as `std::map` with
+    `std::less` is used by default. Please note this behavior conforms to [RFC
+    7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159), because any order implements the
+    specified "unordered" nature of JSON objects.
+    */
+        using object_t = ObjectType<StringType,
+                basic_json,
+                std::less<StringType>,
+                AllocatorType<std::pair<const StringType,
+                        basic_json>>>;
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a type for an array
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON arrays as follows:
+    > An array is an ordered sequence of zero or more values.
+
+    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameters
+    explained below.
+
+    @tparam ArrayType  container type to store arrays (e.g., `std::vector` or
+    `std::list`)
+    @tparam AllocatorType allocator to use for arrays (e.g., `std::allocator`)
+
+    #### Default type
+
+    With the default values for @a ArrayType (`std::vector`) and @a
+    AllocatorType (`std::allocator`), the default value for @a array_t is:
+
+    @code {.cpp}
+    std::vector<
+      basic_json, // value_type
+      std::allocator<basic_json> // allocator_type
+    >
+    @endcode
+
+    #### Limits
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+    > An implementation may set limits on the maximum depth of nesting.
+
+    In this class, the array's limit of nesting is not constraint explicitly.
+    However, a maximum depth of nesting may be introduced by the compiler or
+    runtime environment. A theoretical limit can be queried by calling the
+    @ref max_size function of a JSON array.
+
+    #### Storage
+
+    Arrays are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is, for any
+    access to array values, a pointer of type `array_t*` must be dereferenced.
+
+    @sa @ref object_t -- type for an object value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        using array_t = ArrayType<basic_json, AllocatorType<basic_json>>;
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a type for a string
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes JSON strings as follows:
+    > A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode characters.
+
+    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter
+    described below. Unicode values are split by the JSON class into
+    byte-sized characters during deserialization.
+
+    @tparam StringType  the container to store strings (e.g., `std::string`).
+    Note this container is used for keys/names in objects, see @ref object_t.
+
+    #### Default type
+
+    With the default values for @a StringType (`std::string`), the default
+    value for @a string_t is:
+
+    @code {.cpp}
+    std::string
+    @endcode
+
+    #### Encoding
+
+    Strings are stored in UTF-8 encoding. Therefore, functions like
+    `std::string::size()` or `std::string::length()` return the number of
+    bytes in the string rather than the number of characters or glyphs.
+
+    #### String comparison
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
+    > Software implementations are typically required to test names of object
+    > members for equality. Implementations that transform the textual
+    > representation into sequences of Unicode code units and then perform the
+    > comparison numerically, code unit by code unit, are interoperable in the
+    > sense that implementations will agree in all cases on equality or
+    > inequality of two strings. For example, implementations that compare
+    > strings with escaped characters unconverted may incorrectly find that
+    > `"a\\b"` and `"a\u005Cb"` are not equal.
+
+    This implementation is interoperable as it does compare strings code unit
+    by code unit.
+
+    #### Storage
+
+    String values are stored as pointers in a @ref basic_json type. That is,
+    for any access to string values, a pointer of type `string_t*` must be
+    dereferenced.
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        using string_t = StringType;
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a type for a boolean
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) implicitly describes a boolean as a
+    type which differentiates the two literals `true` and `false`.
+
+    To store objects in C++, a type is defined by the template parameter @a
+    BooleanType which chooses the type to use.
+
+    #### Default type
+
+    With the default values for @a BooleanType (`bool`), the default value for
+    @a boolean_t is:
+
+    @code {.cpp}
+    bool
+    @endcode
+
+    #### Storage
+
+    Boolean values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        using boolean_t = BooleanType;
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a type for a number (integer)
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
+    > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
+    > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
+    > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
+    > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
+    > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
+    > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
+    > are not permitted.
+
+    This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
+    However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
+    is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
+    Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
+    number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
+
+    To store integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
+    parameter @a NumberIntegerType which chooses the type to use.
+
+    #### Default type
+
+    With the default values for @a NumberIntegerType (`int64_t`), the default
+    value for @a number_integer_t is:
+
+    @code {.cpp}
+    int64_t
+    @endcode
+
+    #### Default behavior
+
+    - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
+      leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as octal
+      number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For
+      instance, the C++ integer literal `010` will be serialized to `8`.
+      During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
+    - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
+
+    #### Limits
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+    > An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
+
+    When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be
+    stored is `9223372036854775807` (INT64_MAX) and the minimal integer number
+    that can be stored is `-9223372036854775808` (INT64_MIN). Integer numbers
+    that are out of range will yield over/underflow when used in a
+    constructor. During deserialization, too large or small integer numbers
+    will be automatically be stored as @ref number_unsigned_t or @ref
+    number_float_t.
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
+    > Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are
+    > in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are interoperable in the sense
+    > that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
+
+    As this range is a subrange of the exactly supported range [INT64_MIN,
+    INT64_MAX], this class's integer type is interoperable.
+
+    #### Storage
+
+    Integer number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
+
+    @sa @ref number_float_t -- type for number values (floating-point)
+
+    @sa @ref number_unsigned_t -- type for number values (unsigned integer)
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        using number_integer_t = NumberIntegerType;
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a type for a number (unsigned)
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
+    > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
+    > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
+    > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
+    > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
+    > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
+    > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
+    > are not permitted.
+
+    This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
+    However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
+    is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
+    Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
+    number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
+
+    To store unsigned integer numbers in C++, a type is defined by the
+    template parameter @a NumberUnsignedType which chooses the type to use.
+
+    #### Default type
+
+    With the default values for @a NumberUnsignedType (`uint64_t`), the
+    default value for @a number_unsigned_t is:
+
+    @code {.cpp}
+    uint64_t
+    @endcode
+
+    #### Default behavior
+
+    - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
+      leading zeros in integer literals lead to an interpretation as octal
+      number. Internally, the value will be stored as decimal number. For
+      instance, the C++ integer literal `010` will be serialized to `8`.
+      During deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
+    - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
+
+    #### Limits
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) specifies:
+    > An implementation may set limits on the range and precision of numbers.
+
+    When the default type is used, the maximal integer number that can be
+    stored is `18446744073709551615` (UINT64_MAX) and the minimal integer
+    number that can be stored is `0`. Integer numbers that are out of range
+    will yield over/underflow when used in a constructor. During
+    deserialization, too large or small integer numbers will be automatically
+    be stored as @ref number_integer_t or @ref number_float_t.
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) further states:
+    > Note that when such software is used, numbers that are integers and are
+    > in the range \f$[-2^{53}+1, 2^{53}-1]\f$ are interoperable in the sense
+    > that implementations will agree exactly on their numeric values.
+
+    As this range is a subrange (when considered in conjunction with the
+    number_integer_t type) of the exactly supported range [0, UINT64_MAX],
+    this class's integer type is interoperable.
+
+    #### Storage
+
+    Integer number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json type.
+
+    @sa @ref number_float_t -- type for number values (floating-point)
+    @sa @ref number_integer_t -- type for number values (integer)
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        using number_unsigned_t = NumberUnsignedType;
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a type for a number (floating-point)
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) describes numbers as follows:
+    > The representation of numbers is similar to that used in most
+    > programming languages. A number is represented in base 10 using decimal
+    > digits. It contains an integer component that may be prefixed with an
+    > optional minus sign, which may be followed by a fraction part and/or an
+    > exponent part. Leading zeros are not allowed. (...) Numeric values that
+    > cannot be represented in the grammar below (such as Infinity and NaN)
+    > are not permitted.
+
+    This description includes both integer and floating-point numbers.
+    However, C++ allows more precise storage if it is known whether the number
+    is a signed integer, an unsigned integer or a floating-point number.
+    Therefore, three different types, @ref number_integer_t, @ref
+    number_unsigned_t and @ref number_float_t are used.
+
+    To store floating-point numbers in C++, a type is defined by the template
+    parameter @a NumberFloatType which chooses the type to use.
+
+    #### Default type
+
+    With the default values for @a NumberFloatType (`double`), the default
+    value for @a number_float_t is:
+
+    @code {.cpp}
+    double
+    @endcode
+
+    #### Default behavior
+
+    - The restrictions about leading zeros is not enforced in C++. Instead,
+      leading zeros in floating-point literals will be ignored. Internally,
+      the value will be stored as decimal number. For instance, the C++
+      floating-point literal `01.2` will be serialized to `1.2`. During
+      deserialization, leading zeros yield an error.
+    - Not-a-number (NaN) values will be serialized to `null`.
+
+    #### Limits
+
+    [RFC 7159](http://rfc7159.net/rfc7159) states:
+    > This specification allows implementations to set limits on the range and
+    > precision of numbers accepted. Since software that implements IEEE
+    > 754-2008 binary64 (double precision) numbers is generally available and
+    > widely used, good interoperability can be achieved by implementations
+    > that expect no more precision or range than these provide, in the sense
+    > that implementations will approximate JSON numbers within the expected
+    > precision.
+
+    This implementation does exactly follow this approach, as it uses double
+    precision floating-point numbers. Note values smaller than
+    `-1.79769313486232e+308` and values greater than `1.79769313486232e+308`
+    will be stored as NaN internally and be serialized to `null`.
+
+    #### Storage
+
+    Floating-point number values are stored directly inside a @ref basic_json
+    type.
+
+    @sa @ref number_integer_t -- type for number values (integer)
+
+    @sa @ref number_unsigned_t -- type for number values (unsigned integer)
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        using number_float_t = NumberFloatType;
+
+        /// @}
+
+    private:
+
+        /// helper for exception-safe object creation
+        template<typename T, typename... Args>
+        static T *create(Args &&... args) {
+            AllocatorType <T> alloc;
+            auto deleter = [&](T *object) {
+                alloc.deallocate(object, 1);
+            };
+            std::unique_ptr<T, decltype(deleter)> object(alloc.allocate(1), deleter);
+            alloc.construct(object.get(), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            assert(object != nullptr);
+            return object.release();
+        }
+
+        ////////////////////////
+        // JSON value storage //
+        ////////////////////////
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a JSON value
+
+    The actual storage for a JSON value of the @ref basic_json class. This
+    union combines the different storage types for the JSON value types
+    defined in @ref value_t.
+
+    JSON type | value_t type    | used type
+    --------- | --------------- | ------------------------
+    object    | object          | pointer to @ref object_t
+    array     | array           | pointer to @ref array_t
+    string    | string          | pointer to @ref string_t
+    boolean   | boolean         | @ref boolean_t
+    number    | number_integer  | @ref number_integer_t
+    number    | number_unsigned | @ref number_unsigned_t
+    number    | number_float    | @ref number_float_t
+    null      | null            | *no value is stored*
+
+    @note Variable-length types (objects, arrays, and strings) are stored as
+    pointers. The size of the union should not exceed 64 bits if the default
+    value types are used.
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        union json_value {
+            /// object (stored with pointer to save storage)
+            object_t *object;
+            /// array (stored with pointer to save storage)
+            array_t *array;
+            /// string (stored with pointer to save storage)
+            string_t *string;
+            /// boolean
+            boolean_t boolean;
+            /// number (integer)
+            number_integer_t number_integer;
+            /// number (unsigned integer)
+            number_unsigned_t number_unsigned;
+            /// number (floating-point)
+            number_float_t number_float;
+
+            /// default constructor (for null values)
+            json_value() = default;
+
+            /// constructor for booleans
+            json_value(boolean_t v) noexcept : boolean(v) {}
+
+            /// constructor for numbers (integer)
+            json_value(number_integer_t v) noexcept : number_integer(v) {}
+
+            /// constructor for numbers (unsigned)
+            json_value(number_unsigned_t v) noexcept : number_unsigned(v) {}
+
+            /// constructor for numbers (floating-point)
+            json_value(number_float_t v) noexcept : number_float(v) {}
+
+            /// constructor for empty values of a given type
+            json_value(value_t t) {
+                switch (t) {
+                    case value_t::object: {
+                        object = create<object_t>();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::array: {
+                        array = create<array_t>();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::string: {
+                        string = create<string_t>("");
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::boolean: {
+                        boolean = boolean_t(false);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::number_integer: {
+                        number_integer = number_integer_t(0);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                        number_unsigned = number_unsigned_t(0);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::number_float: {
+                        number_float = number_float_t(0.0);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::null: {
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        if (t == value_t::null) {
+                            JSON_THROW(other_error(500,
+                                                   "961c151d2e87f2686a955a9be24d316f1362bf21 2.1.1")); // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /// constructor for strings
+            json_value(const string_t &value) {
+                string = create<string_t>(value);
+            }
+
+            /// constructor for objects
+            json_value(const object_t &value) {
+                object = create<object_t>(value);
+            }
+
+            /// constructor for arrays
+            json_value(const array_t &value) {
+                array = create<array_t>(value);
+            }
+        };
+
+        /*!
+    @brief checks the class invariants
+
+    This function asserts the class invariants. It needs to be called at the
+    end of every constructor to make sure that created objects respect the
+    invariant. Furthermore, it has to be called each time the type of a JSON
+    value is changed, because the invariant expresses a relationship between
+    @a m_type and @a m_value.
+    */
+        void assert_invariant() const {
+            assert(m_type != value_t::object or m_value.object != nullptr);
+            assert(m_type != value_t::array or m_value.array != nullptr);
+            assert(m_type != value_t::string or m_value.string != nullptr);
+        }
+
+    public:
+        //////////////////////////
+        // JSON parser callback //
+        //////////////////////////
+
+        /*!
+    @brief JSON callback events
+
+    This enumeration lists the parser events that can trigger calling a
+    callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t during parsing.
+
+    @image html callback_events.png "Example when certain parse events are triggered"
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        enum class parse_event_t : uint8_t {
+            /// the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object
+                    object_start,
+            /// the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object
+                    object_end,
+            /// the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array
+                    array_start,
+            /// the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array
+                    array_end,
+            /// the parser read a key of a value in an object
+                    key,
+            /// the parser finished reading a JSON value
+                    value
+        };
+
+        /*!
+    @brief per-element parser callback type
+
+    With a parser callback function, the result of parsing a JSON text can be
+    influenced. When passed to @ref parse(std::istream&, const
+    parser_callback_t) or @ref parse(const CharT, const parser_callback_t),
+    it is called on certain events (passed as @ref parse_event_t via parameter
+    @a event) with a set recursion depth @a depth and context JSON value
+    @a parsed. The return value of the callback function is a boolean
+    indicating whether the element that emitted the callback shall be kept or
+    not.
+
+    We distinguish six scenarios (determined by the event type) in which the
+    callback function can be called. The following table describes the values
+    of the parameters @a depth, @a event, and @a parsed.
+
+    parameter @a event | description | parameter @a depth | parameter @a parsed
+    ------------------ | ----------- | ------------------ | -------------------
+    parse_event_t::object_start | the parser read `{` and started to process a JSON object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | a JSON value with type discarded
+    parse_event_t::key | the parser read a key of a value in an object | depth of the currently parsed JSON object | a JSON string containing the key
+    parse_event_t::object_end | the parser read `}` and finished processing a JSON object | depth of the parent of the JSON object | the parsed JSON object
+    parse_event_t::array_start | the parser read `[` and started to process a JSON array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | a JSON value with type discarded
+    parse_event_t::array_end | the parser read `]` and finished processing a JSON array | depth of the parent of the JSON array | the parsed JSON array
+    parse_event_t::value | the parser finished reading a JSON value | depth of the value | the parsed JSON value
+
+    @image html callback_events.png "Example when certain parse events are triggered"
+
+    Discarding a value (i.e., returning `false`) has different effects
+    depending on the context in which function was called:
+
+    - Discarded values in structured types are skipped. That is, the parser
+      will behave as if the discarded value was never read.
+    - In case a value outside a structured type is skipped, it is replaced
+      with `null`. This case happens if the top-level element is skipped.
+
+    @param[in] depth  the depth of the recursion during parsing
+
+    @param[in] event  an event of type parse_event_t indicating the context in
+    the callback function has been called
+
+    @param[in,out] parsed  the current intermediate parse result; note that
+    writing to this value has no effect for parse_event_t::key events
+
+    @return Whether the JSON value which called the function during parsing
+    should be kept (`true`) or not (`false`). In the latter case, it is either
+    skipped completely or replaced by an empty discarded object.
+
+    @sa @ref parse(std::istream&, parser_callback_t) or
+    @ref parse(const CharT, const parser_callback_t) for examples
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        using parser_callback_t = std::function<bool(int depth,
+                                                     parse_event_t event,
+                                                     basic_json &parsed)>;
+
+
+        //////////////////
+        // constructors //
+        //////////////////
+
+        /// @name constructors and destructors
+        /// Constructors of class @ref basic_json, copy/move constructor, copy
+        /// assignment, static functions creating objects, and the destructor.
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create an empty value with a given type
+
+    Create an empty JSON value with a given type. The value will be default
+    initialized with an empty value which depends on the type:
+
+    Value type  | initial value
+    ----------- | -------------
+    null        | `null`
+    boolean     | `false`
+    string      | `""`
+    number      | `0`
+    object      | `{}`
+    array       | `[]`
+
+    @param[in] value_type  the type of the value to create
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor for different @ref
+    value_t values,basic_json__value_t}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json(const value_t value_type)
+                : m_type(value_type), m_value(value_type) {
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a null object
+
+    Create a `null` JSON value. It either takes a null pointer as parameter
+    (explicitly creating `null`) or no parameter (implicitly creating `null`).
+    The passed null pointer itself is not read -- it is only used to choose
+    the right constructor.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this constructor never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with and without a
+    null pointer parameter.,basic_json__nullptr_t}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json(std::nullptr_t = nullptr) noexcept
+                : basic_json(value_t::null) {
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a JSON value
+
+    This is a "catch all" constructor for all compatible JSON types; that is,
+    types for which a `to_json()` method exsits. The constructor forwards the
+    parameter @a val to that method (to `json_serializer<U>::to_json` method
+    with `U = uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`, to be exact).
+
+    Template type @a CompatibleType includes, but is not limited to, the
+    following types:
+    - **arrays**: @ref array_t and all kinds of compatible containers such as
+      `std::vector`, `std::deque`, `std::list`, `std::forward_list`,
+      `std::array`, `std::set`, `std::unordered_set`, `std::multiset`, and
+      `unordered_multiset` with a `value_type` from which a @ref basic_json
+      value can be constructed.
+    - **objects**: @ref object_t and all kinds of compatible associative
+      containers such as `std::map`, `std::unordered_map`, `std::multimap`,
+      and `std::unordered_multimap` with a `key_type` compatible to
+      @ref string_t and a `value_type` from which a @ref basic_json value can
+      be constructed.
+    - **strings**: @ref string_t, string literals, and all compatible string
+      containers can be used.
+    - **numbers**: @ref number_integer_t, @ref number_unsigned_t,
+      @ref number_float_t, and all convertible number types such as `int`,
+      `size_t`, `int64_t`, `float` or `double` can be used.
+    - **boolean**: @ref boolean_t / `bool` can be used.
+
+    See the examples below.
+
+    @tparam CompatibleType a type such that:
+    - @a CompatibleType is not derived from `std::istream`,
+    - @a CompatibleType is not @ref basic_json (to avoid hijacking copy/move
+         constructors),
+    - @a CompatibleType is not a @ref basic_json nested type (e.g.,
+         @ref json_pointer, @ref iterator, etc ...)
+    - @ref @ref json_serializer<U> has a
+         `to_json(basic_json_t&, CompatibleType&&)` method
+
+    @tparam U = `uncvref_t<CompatibleType>`
+
+    @param[in] val the value to be forwarded
+
+    @complexity Usually linear in the size of the passed @a val, also
+                depending on the implementation of the called `to_json()`
+                method.
+
+    @throw what `json_serializer<U>::to_json()` throws
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows the constructor with several
+    compatible types.,basic_json__CompatibleType}
+
+    @since version 2.1.0
+    */
+        template<typename CompatibleType, typename U = detail::uncvref_t<CompatibleType>,
+                detail::enable_if_t<not std::is_base_of<std::istream, U>::value and
+                                    not std::is_same<U, basic_json_t>::value and
+                                    not detail::is_basic_json_nested_type<
+                                            basic_json_t, U>::value and
+                                    detail::has_to_json<basic_json, U>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        basic_json(CompatibleType &&val) noexcept(noexcept(JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(
+                std::declval<basic_json_t &>(), std::forward<CompatibleType>(val)))) {
+            JSONSerializer<U>::to_json(*this, std::forward<CompatibleType>(val));
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a container (array or object) from an initializer list
+
+    Creates a JSON value of type array or object from the passed initializer
+    list @a init. In case @a type_deduction is `true` (default), the type of
+    the JSON value to be created is deducted from the initializer list @a init
+    according to the following rules:
+
+    1. If the list is empty, an empty JSON object value `{}` is created.
+    2. If the list consists of pairs whose first element is a string, a JSON
+       object value is created where the first elements of the pairs are
+       treated as keys and the second elements are as values.
+    3. In all other cases, an array is created.
+
+    The rules aim to create the best fit between a C++ initializer list and
+    JSON values. The rationale is as follows:
+
+    1. The empty initializer list is written as `{}` which is exactly an empty
+       JSON object.
+    2. C++ has now way of describing mapped types other than to list a list of
+       pairs. As JSON requires that keys must be of type string, rule 2 is the
+       weakest constraint one can pose on initializer lists to interpret them
+       as an object.
+    3. In all other cases, the initializer list could not be interpreted as
+       JSON object type, so interpreting it as JSON array type is safe.
+
+    With the rules described above, the following JSON values cannot be
+    expressed by an initializer list:
+
+    - the empty array (`[]`): use @ref array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>)
+      with an empty initializer list in this case
+    - arrays whose elements satisfy rule 2: use @ref
+      array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) with the same initializer list
+      in this case
+
+    @note When used without parentheses around an empty initializer list, @ref
+    basic_json() is called instead of this function, yielding the JSON null
+    value.
+
+    @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values
+
+    @param[in] type_deduction internal parameter; when set to `true`, the type
+    of the JSON value is deducted from the initializer list @a init; when set
+    to `false`, the type provided via @a manual_type is forced. This mode is
+    used by the functions @ref array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) and
+    @ref object(std::initializer_list<basic_json>).
+
+    @param[in] manual_type internal parameter; when @a type_deduction is set
+    to `false`, the created JSON value will use the provided type (only @ref
+    value_t::array and @ref value_t::object are valid); when @a type_deduction
+    is set to `true`, this parameter has no effect
+
+    @throw type_error.301 if @a type_deduction is `false`, @a manual_type is
+    `value_t::object`, but @a init contains an element which is not a pair
+    whose first element is a string. In this case, the constructor could not
+    create an object. If @a type_deduction would have be `true`, an array
+    would have been created. See @ref object(std::initializer_list<basic_json>)
+    for an example.
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the initializer list @a init.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values are created from
+    initializer lists.,basic_json__list_init_t}
+
+    @sa @ref array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) -- create a JSON array
+    value from an initializer list
+    @sa @ref object(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) -- create a JSON object
+    value from an initializer list
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init,
+                   bool type_deduction = true,
+                   value_t manual_type = value_t::array) {
+            // check if each element is an array with two elements whose first
+            // element is a string
+            bool is_an_object = std::all_of(init.begin(), init.end(),
+                                            [](const basic_json &element) {
+                                                return element.is_array() and element.size() == 2 and
+                                                       element[0].is_string();
+                                            });
+
+            // adjust type if type deduction is not wanted
+            if (not type_deduction) {
+                // if array is wanted, do not create an object though possible
+                if (manual_type == value_t::array) {
+                    is_an_object = false;
+                }
+
+                // if object is wanted but impossible, throw an exception
+                if (manual_type == value_t::object and not is_an_object) {
+                    JSON_THROW(type_error(301, "cannot create object from initializer list"));
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (is_an_object) {
+                // the initializer list is a list of pairs -> create object
+                m_type = value_t::object;
+                m_value = value_t::object;
+
+                std::for_each(init.begin(), init.end(), [this](const basic_json &element) {
+                    m_value.object->emplace(*(element[0].m_value.string), element[1]);
+                });
+            } else {
+                // the initializer list describes an array -> create array
+                m_type = value_t::array;
+                m_value.array = create<array_t>(init);
+            }
+
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief explicitly create an array from an initializer list
+
+    Creates a JSON array value from a given initializer list. That is, given a
+    list of values `a, b, c`, creates the JSON value `[a, b, c]`. If the
+    initializer list is empty, the empty array `[]` is created.
+
+    @note This function is only needed to express two edge cases that cannot
+    be realized with the initializer list constructor (@ref
+    basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t)). These cases
+    are:
+    1. creating an array whose elements are all pairs whose first element is a
+    string -- in this case, the initializer list constructor would create an
+    object, taking the first elements as keys
+    2. creating an empty array -- passing the empty initializer list to the
+    initializer list constructor yields an empty object
+
+    @param[in] init  initializer list with JSON values to create an array from
+    (optional)
+
+    @return JSON array value
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the `array`
+    function.,array}
+
+    @sa @ref basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t) --
+    create a JSON value from an initializer list
+    @sa @ref object(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) -- create a JSON object
+    value from an initializer list
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        static basic_json array(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init =
+        std::initializer_list<basic_json>()) {
+            return basic_json(init, false, value_t::array);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief explicitly create an object from an initializer list
+
+    Creates a JSON object value from a given initializer list. The initializer
+    lists elements must be pairs, and their first elements must be strings. If
+    the initializer list is empty, the empty object `{}` is created.
+
+    @note This function is only added for symmetry reasons. In contrast to the
+    related function @ref array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>), there are
+    no cases which can only be expressed by this function. That is, any
+    initializer list @a init can also be passed to the initializer list
+    constructor @ref basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t).
+
+    @param[in] init  initializer list to create an object from (optional)
+
+    @return JSON object value
+
+    @throw type_error.301 if @a init is not a list of pairs whose first
+    elements are strings. In this case, no object can be created. When such a
+    value is passed to @ref basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t),
+    an array would have been created from the passed initializer list @a init.
+    See example below.
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of @a init.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the `object`
+    function.,object}
+
+    @sa @ref basic_json(std::initializer_list<basic_json>, bool, value_t) --
+    create a JSON value from an initializer list
+    @sa @ref array(std::initializer_list<basic_json>) -- create a JSON array
+    value from an initializer list
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        static basic_json object(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init =
+        std::initializer_list<basic_json>()) {
+            return basic_json(init, false, value_t::object);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief construct an array with count copies of given value
+
+    Constructs a JSON array value by creating @a cnt copies of a passed value.
+    In case @a cnt is `0`, an empty array is created. As postcondition,
+    `std::distance(begin(),end()) == cnt` holds.
+
+    @param[in] cnt  the number of JSON copies of @a val to create
+    @param[in] val  the JSON value to copy
+
+    @complexity Linear in @a cnt.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows examples for the @ref
+    basic_json(size_type\, const basic_json&)
+    constructor.,basic_json__size_type_basic_json}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json(size_type cnt, const basic_json &val)
+                : m_type(value_t::array) {
+            m_value.array = create<array_t>(cnt, val);
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief construct a JSON container given an iterator range
+
+    Constructs the JSON value with the contents of the range `[first, last)`.
+    The semantics depends on the different types a JSON value can have:
+    - In case of primitive types (number, boolean, or string), @a first must
+      be `begin()` and @a last must be `end()`. In this case, the value is
+      copied. Otherwise, invalid_iterator.204 is thrown.
+    - In case of structured types (array, object), the constructor behaves as
+      similar versions for `std::vector`.
+    - In case of a null type, invalid_iterator.206 is thrown.
+
+    @tparam InputIT an input iterator type (@ref iterator or @ref
+    const_iterator)
+
+    @param[in] first begin of the range to copy from (included)
+    @param[in] last end of the range to copy from (excluded)
+
+    @pre Iterators @a first and @a last must be initialized. **This
+         precondition is enforced with an assertion.**
+
+    @pre Range `[first, last)` is valid. Usually, this precondition cannot be
+         checked efficiently. Only certain edge cases are detected; see the
+         description of the exceptions below.
+
+    @throw invalid_iterator.201 if iterators @a first and @a last are not
+    compatible (i.e., do not belong to the same JSON value). In this case,
+    the range `[first, last)` is undefined.
+    @throw invalid_iterator.204 if iterators @a first and @a last belong to a
+    primitive type (number, boolean, or string), but @a first does not point
+    to the first element any more. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is
+    undefined. See example code below.
+    @throw invalid_iterator.206 if iterators @a first and @a last belong to a
+    null value. In this case, the range `[first, last)` is undefined.
+
+    @complexity Linear in distance between @a first and @a last.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows several ways to create JSON values by
+    specifying a subrange with iterators.,basic_json__InputIt_InputIt}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<class InputIT, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
+                std::is_same<InputIT, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        basic_json(InputIT first, InputIT last) {
+            assert(first.m_object != nullptr);
+            assert(last.m_object != nullptr);
+
+            // make sure iterator fits the current value
+            if (first.m_object != last.m_object) {
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(201, "iterators are not compatible"));
+            }
+
+            // copy type from first iterator
+            m_type = first.m_object->m_type;
+
+            // check if iterator range is complete for primitive values
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::boolean:
+                case value_t::number_float:
+                case value_t::number_integer:
+                case value_t::number_unsigned:
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    if (not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end()) {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(204, "iterators out of range"));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::number_integer: {
+                    m_value.number_integer = first.m_object->m_value.number_integer;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                    m_value.number_unsigned = first.m_object->m_value.number_unsigned;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_float: {
+                    m_value.number_float = first.m_object->m_value.number_float;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::boolean: {
+                    m_value.boolean = first.m_object->m_value.boolean;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    m_value = *first.m_object->m_value.string;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    m_value.object = create<object_t>(first.m_it.object_iterator,
+                                                      last.m_it.object_iterator);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    m_value.array = create<array_t>(first.m_it.array_iterator,
+                                                    last.m_it.array_iterator);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(206, "cannot construct with iterators from " +
+                                                     first.m_object->type_name()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+        // other constructors and destructor //
+        ///////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /*!
+    @brief copy constructor
+
+    Creates a copy of a given JSON value.
+
+    @param[in] other  the JSON value to copy
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of @a other.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is linear.
+    - As postcondition, it holds: `other == basic_json(other)`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for the copy
+    constructor.,basic_json__basic_json}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json(const basic_json &other)
+                : m_type(other.m_type) {
+            // check of passed value is valid
+            other.assert_invariant();
+
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    m_value = *other.m_value.object;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    m_value = *other.m_value.array;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    m_value = *other.m_value.string;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::boolean: {
+                    m_value = other.m_value.boolean;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_integer: {
+                    m_value = other.m_value.number_integer;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                    m_value = other.m_value.number_unsigned;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_float: {
+                    m_value = other.m_value.number_float;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief move constructor
+
+    Move constructor. Constructs a JSON value with the contents of the given
+    value @a other using move semantics. It "steals" the resources from @a
+    other and leaves it as JSON null value.
+
+    @param[in,out] other  value to move to this object
+
+    @post @a other is a JSON null value
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The code below shows the move constructor explicitly called
+    via std::move.,basic_json__moveconstructor}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json(basic_json &&other) noexcept
+                : m_type(std::move(other.m_type)),
+                  m_value(std::move(other.m_value)) {
+            // check that passed value is valid
+            other.assert_invariant();
+
+            // invalidate payload
+            other.m_type = value_t::null;
+            other.m_value = {};
+
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief copy assignment
+
+    Copy assignment operator. Copies a JSON value via the "copy and swap"
+    strategy: It is expressed in terms of the copy constructor, destructor,
+    and the swap() member function.
+
+    @param[in] other  value to copy from
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The code below shows and example for the copy assignment. It
+    creates a copy of value `a` which is then swapped with `b`. Finally\, the
+    copy of `a` (which is the null value after the swap) is
+    destroyed.,basic_json__copyassignment}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        reference &operator=(basic_json other) noexcept(
+        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
+        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
+        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
+        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
+        ) {
+            // check that passed value is valid
+            other.assert_invariant();
+
+            using std::swap;
+            swap(m_type, other.m_type);
+            swap(m_value, other.m_value);
+
+            assert_invariant();
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief destructor
+
+    Destroys the JSON value and frees all allocated memory.
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is linear.
+    - All stored elements are destroyed and all memory is freed.
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        ~basic_json() {
+            assert_invariant();
+
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    AllocatorType<object_t> alloc;
+                    alloc.destroy(m_value.object);
+                    alloc.deallocate(m_value.object, 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    AllocatorType<array_t> alloc;
+                    alloc.destroy(m_value.array);
+                    alloc.deallocate(m_value.array, 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
+                    alloc.destroy(m_value.string);
+                    alloc.deallocate(m_value.string, 1);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    // all other types need no specific destructor
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+    public:
+        ///////////////////////
+        // object inspection //
+        ///////////////////////
+
+        /// @name object inspection
+        /// Functions to inspect the type of a JSON value.
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief serialization
+
+    Serialization function for JSON values. The function tries to mimic
+    Python's `json.dumps()` function, and currently supports its @a indent
+    parameter.
+
+    @param[in] indent If indent is nonnegative, then array elements and object
+    members will be pretty-printed with that indent level. An indent level of
+    `0` will only insert newlines. `-1` (the default) selects the most compact
+    representation.
+
+    @return string containing the serialization of the JSON value
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The following example shows the effect of different @a indent
+    parameters to the result of the serialization.,dump}
+
+    @see https://docs.python.org/2/library/json.html#json.dump
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        string_t dump(const int indent = -1) const {
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            serializer s(ss);
+
+            if (indent >= 0) {
+                s.dump(*this, true, static_cast<unsigned int>(indent));
+            } else {
+                s.dump(*this, false, 0);
+            }
+
+            return ss.str();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return the type of the JSON value (explicit)
+
+    Return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref value_t
+    enumeration.
+
+    @return the type of the JSON value
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `type()` for all JSON
+    types.,type}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr value_t type() const noexcept {
+            return m_type;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether type is primitive
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON type is primitive (string, number,
+    boolean, or null).
+
+    @return `true` if type is primitive (string, number, boolean, or null),
+    `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_primitive()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_primitive}
+
+    @sa @ref is_structured() -- returns whether JSON value is structured
+    @sa @ref is_null() -- returns whether JSON value is `null`
+    @sa @ref is_string() -- returns whether JSON value is a string
+    @sa @ref is_boolean() -- returns whether JSON value is a boolean
+    @sa @ref is_number() -- returns whether JSON value is a number
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_primitive() const noexcept {
+            return is_null() or is_string() or is_boolean() or is_number();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether type is structured
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON type is structured (array or
+    object).
+
+    @return `true` if type is structured (array or object), `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_structured()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_structured}
+
+    @sa @ref is_primitive() -- returns whether value is primitive
+    @sa @ref is_array() -- returns whether value is an array
+    @sa @ref is_object() -- returns whether value is an object
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_structured() const noexcept {
+            return is_array() or is_object();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is null
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is null.
+
+    @return `true` if type is null, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_null()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_null}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_null() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::null;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is a boolean
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is a boolean.
+
+    @return `true` if type is boolean, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_boolean()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_boolean}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_boolean() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::boolean;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is a number
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is a number. This includes
+    both integer and floating-point values.
+
+    @return `true` if type is number (regardless whether integer, unsigned
+    integer or floating-type), `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_number}
+
+    @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer or unsigned
+    integer number
+    @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
+    number
+    @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_number() const noexcept {
+            return is_number_integer() or is_number_float();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is an integer number
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is an integer or unsigned
+    integer number. This excludes floating-point values.
+
+    @return `true` if type is an integer or unsigned integer number, `false`
+    otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_integer()` for all
+    JSON types.,is_number_integer}
+
+    @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is a number
+    @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
+    number
+    @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_number_integer() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::number_integer or m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is an unsigned integer number
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is an unsigned integer
+    number. This excludes floating-point and (signed) integer values.
+
+    @return `true` if type is an unsigned integer number, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_unsigned()` for all
+    JSON types.,is_number_unsigned}
+
+    @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is a number
+    @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer or unsigned
+    integer number
+    @sa @ref is_number_float() -- check if value is a floating-point number
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_number_unsigned() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::number_unsigned;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is a floating-point number
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is a floating-point number.
+    This excludes integer and unsigned integer values.
+
+    @return `true` if type is a floating-point number, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_number_float()` for all
+    JSON types.,is_number_float}
+
+    @sa @ref is_number() -- check if value is number
+    @sa @ref is_number_integer() -- check if value is an integer number
+    @sa @ref is_number_unsigned() -- check if value is an unsigned integer
+    number
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_number_float() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::number_float;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is an object
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is an object.
+
+    @return `true` if type is object, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_object()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_object}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_object() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::object;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is an array
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is an array.
+
+    @return `true` if type is array, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_array()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_array}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_array() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::array;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is a string
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value is a string.
+
+    @return `true` if type is string, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_string()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_string}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_string() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::string;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return whether value is discarded
+
+    This function returns true iff the JSON value was discarded during parsing
+    with a callback function (see @ref parser_callback_t).
+
+    @note This function will always be `false` for JSON values after parsing.
+    That is, discarded values can only occur during parsing, but will be
+    removed when inside a structured value or replaced by null in other cases.
+
+    @return `true` if type is discarded, `false` otherwise.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `is_discarded()` for all JSON
+    types.,is_discarded}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr bool is_discarded() const noexcept {
+            return m_type == value_t::discarded;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return the type of the JSON value (implicit)
+
+    Implicitly return the type of the JSON value as a value from the @ref
+    value_t enumeration.
+
+    @return the type of the JSON value
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @exceptionsafety No-throw guarantee: this member function never throws
+    exceptions.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies the @ref value_t operator for
+    all JSON types.,operator__value_t}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        constexpr operator value_t() const noexcept {
+            return m_type;
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+    private:
+        //////////////////
+        // value access //
+        //////////////////
+
+        /// get a boolean (explicit)
+        boolean_t get_impl(boolean_t * /*unused*/) const {
+            if (is_boolean()) {
+                return m_value.boolean;
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(302, "type must be boolean, but is " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (object)
+        object_t *get_impl_ptr(object_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+            return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (object)
+        constexpr const object_t *get_impl_ptr(const object_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+            return is_object() ? m_value.object : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (array)
+        array_t *get_impl_ptr(array_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+            return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (array)
+        constexpr const array_t *get_impl_ptr(const array_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+            return is_array() ? m_value.array : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (string)
+        string_t *get_impl_ptr(string_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+            return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (string)
+        constexpr const string_t *get_impl_ptr(const string_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+            return is_string() ? m_value.string : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
+        boolean_t *get_impl_ptr(boolean_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+            return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (boolean)
+        constexpr const boolean_t *get_impl_ptr(const boolean_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+            return is_boolean() ? &m_value.boolean : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
+        number_integer_t *get_impl_ptr(number_integer_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+            return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (integer number)
+        constexpr const number_integer_t *get_impl_ptr(const number_integer_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+            return is_number_integer() ? &m_value.number_integer : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
+        number_unsigned_t *get_impl_ptr(number_unsigned_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+            return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (unsigned number)
+        constexpr const number_unsigned_t *get_impl_ptr(const number_unsigned_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+            return is_number_unsigned() ? &m_value.number_unsigned : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
+        number_float_t *get_impl_ptr(number_float_t * /*unused*/) noexcept {
+            return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /// get a pointer to the value (floating-point number)
+        constexpr const number_float_t *get_impl_ptr(const number_float_t * /*unused*/) const noexcept {
+            return is_number_float() ? &m_value.number_float : nullptr;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief helper function to implement get_ref()
+
+    This funcion helps to implement get_ref() without code duplication for
+    const and non-const overloads
+
+    @tparam ThisType will be deduced as `basic_json` or `const basic_json`
+
+    @throw type_error.303 if ReferenceType does not match underlying value
+    type of the current JSON
+    */
+        template<typename ReferenceType, typename ThisType>
+        static ReferenceType get_ref_impl(ThisType &obj) {
+            // helper type
+            using PointerType = typename std::add_pointer<ReferenceType>::type;
+
+            // delegate the call to get_ptr<>()
+            auto ptr = obj.template get_ptr<PointerType>();
+
+            if (ptr != nullptr) {
+                return *ptr;
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(303, "incompatible ReferenceType for get_ref, actual type is " + obj.type_name()));
+        }
+
+    public:
+        /// @name value access
+        /// Direct access to the stored value of a JSON value.
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get special-case overload
+
+    This overloads avoids a lot of template boilerplate, it can be seen as the
+    identity method
+
+    @tparam BasicJsonType == @ref basic_json
+
+    @return a copy of *this
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @since version 2.1.0
+    */
+        template<
+                typename BasicJsonType,
+                detail::enable_if_t<std::is_same<typename std::remove_const<BasicJsonType>::type,
+                        basic_json_t>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        basic_json get() const {
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a value (explicit)
+
+    Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
+    which is [CopyConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/CopyConstructible)
+    and [DefaultConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/DefaultConstructible).
+    The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
+    `from_json()` method.
+
+    The function is equivalent to executing
+    @code {.cpp}
+    ValueType ret;
+    JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
+    return ret;
+    @endcode
+
+    This overloads is chosen if:
+    - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json,
+    - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
+      `void from_json(const @ref basic_json&, ValueType&)`, and
+    - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> does not have a `from_json()` method of
+      the form `ValueType from_json(const @ref basic_json&)`
+
+    @tparam ValueTypeCV the provided value type
+    @tparam ValueType the returned value type
+
+    @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
+
+    @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
+    to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
+    be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
+    `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
+    associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
+    json>`.,get__ValueType_const}
+
+    @since version 2.1.0
+    */
+        template<
+                typename ValueTypeCV,
+                typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
+                detail::enable_if_t<
+                        not std::is_same<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
+                        detail::has_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
+                        not detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value,
+                        int> = 0>
+        ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(
+        JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>(), std::declval<ValueType &>()))) {
+            // we cannot static_assert on ValueTypeCV being non-const, because
+            // there is support for get<const basic_json_t>(), which is why we
+            // still need the uncvref
+            static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
+                          "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want to use get_ref()");
+            static_assert(std::is_default_constructible<ValueType>::value,
+                          "types must be DefaultConstructible when used with get()");
+
+            ValueType ret;
+            JSONSerializer<ValueType>::from_json(*this, ret);
+            return ret;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a value (explicit); special case
+
+    Explicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value
+    which is **not** [CopyConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/CopyConstructible)
+    and **not** [DefaultConstructible](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/DefaultConstructible).
+    The value is converted by calling the @ref json_serializer<ValueType>
+    `from_json()` method.
+
+    The function is equivalent to executing
+    @code {.cpp}
+    return JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(*this);
+    @endcode
+
+    This overloads is chosen if:
+    - @a ValueType is not @ref basic_json and
+    - @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has a `from_json()` method of the form
+      `ValueType from_json(const @ref basic_json&)`
+
+    @note If @ref json_serializer<ValueType> has both overloads of
+    `from_json()`, this one is chosen.
+
+    @tparam ValueTypeCV the provided value type
+    @tparam ValueType the returned value type
+
+    @return copy of the JSON value, converted to @a ValueType
+
+    @throw what @ref json_serializer<ValueType> `from_json()` method throws
+
+    @since version 2.1.0
+    */
+        template<
+                typename ValueTypeCV,
+                typename ValueType = detail::uncvref_t<ValueTypeCV>,
+                detail::enable_if_t<not std::is_same<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value and
+                                    detail::has_non_default_from_json<basic_json_t,
+                                            ValueType>::value, int> = 0>
+        ValueType get() const noexcept(noexcept(
+        JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(std::declval<const basic_json_t &>()))) {
+            static_assert(not std::is_reference<ValueTypeCV>::value,
+                          "get() cannot be used with reference types, you might want to use get_ref()");
+            return JSONSerializer<ValueTypeCV>::from_json(*this);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
+
+    Explicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
+    made.
+
+    @warning The pointer becomes invalid if the underlying JSON object
+    changes.
+
+    @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
+    object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t,
+    @ref number_unsigned_t, or @ref number_float_t.
+
+    @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
+    pointer type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
+    JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
+    `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
+    match.,get__PointerType}
+
+    @sa @ref get_ptr() for explicit pointer-member access
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        PointerType get() noexcept {
+            // delegate the call to get_ptr
+            return get_ptr<PointerType>();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a pointer value (explicit)
+    @copydoc get()
+    */
+        template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        constexpr const PointerType get() const noexcept {
+            // delegate the call to get_ptr
+            return get_ptr<PointerType>();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
+
+    Implicit pointer access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies are
+    made.
+
+    @warning Writing data to the pointee of the result yields an undefined
+    state.
+
+    @tparam PointerType pointer type; must be a pointer to @ref array_t, @ref
+    object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t,
+    @ref number_unsigned_t, or @ref number_float_t. Enforced by a static
+    assertion.
+
+    @return pointer to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
+    pointer type @a PointerType fits to the JSON value; `nullptr` otherwise
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how pointers to internal values of a
+    JSON value can be requested. Note that no type conversions are made and a
+    `nullptr` is returned if the value and the requested pointer type does not
+    match.,get_ptr}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        PointerType get_ptr() noexcept {
+            // get the type of the PointerType (remove pointer and const)
+            using pointee_t = typename std::remove_const<typename
+            std::remove_pointer<typename
+            std::remove_const<PointerType>::type>::type>::type;
+            // make sure the type matches the allowed types
+            static_assert(
+                    std::is_same<object_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<array_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<string_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<boolean_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<number_integer_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<number_unsigned_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<number_float_t, pointee_t>::value, "incompatible pointer type");
+
+            // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>()
+            return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<PointerType>(nullptr));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a pointer value (implicit)
+    @copydoc get_ptr()
+    */
+        template<typename PointerType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_pointer<PointerType>::value and
+                std::is_const<typename std::remove_pointer<PointerType>::type>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        constexpr const PointerType get_ptr() const noexcept {
+            // get the type of the PointerType (remove pointer and const)
+            using pointee_t = typename std::remove_const<typename
+            std::remove_pointer<typename
+            std::remove_const<PointerType>::type>::type>::type;
+            // make sure the type matches the allowed types
+            static_assert(
+                    std::is_same<object_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<array_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<string_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<boolean_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<number_integer_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<number_unsigned_t, pointee_t>::value
+                    or std::is_same<number_float_t, pointee_t>::value, "incompatible pointer type");
+
+            // delegate the call to get_impl_ptr<>() const
+            return get_impl_ptr(static_cast<const PointerType>(nullptr));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a reference value (implicit)
+
+    Implicit reference access to the internally stored JSON value. No copies
+    are made.
+
+    @warning Writing data to the referee of the result yields an undefined
+    state.
+
+    @tparam ReferenceType reference type; must be a reference to @ref array_t,
+    @ref object_t, @ref string_t, @ref boolean_t, @ref number_integer_t, or
+    @ref number_float_t. Enforced by static assertion.
+
+    @return reference to the internally stored JSON value if the requested
+    reference type @a ReferenceType fits to the JSON value; throws
+    type_error.303 otherwise
+
+    @throw type_error.303 in case passed type @a ReferenceType is incompatible
+    with the stored JSON value; see example below
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows several calls to `get_ref()`.,get_ref}
+
+    @since version 1.1.0
+    */
+        template<typename ReferenceType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        ReferenceType get_ref() {
+            // delegate call to get_ref_impl
+            return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a reference value (implicit)
+    @copydoc get_ref()
+    */
+        template<typename ReferenceType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_reference<ReferenceType>::value and
+                std::is_const<typename std::remove_reference<ReferenceType>::type>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        ReferenceType get_ref() const {
+            // delegate call to get_ref_impl
+            return get_ref_impl<ReferenceType>(*this);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief get a value (implicit)
+
+    Implicit type conversion between the JSON value and a compatible value.
+    The call is realized by calling @ref get() const.
+
+    @tparam ValueType non-pointer type compatible to the JSON value, for
+    instance `int` for JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or
+    `std::vector` types for JSON arrays. The character type of @ref string_t
+    as well as an initializer list of this type is excluded to avoid
+    ambiguities as these types implicitly convert to `std::string`.
+
+    @return copy of the JSON value, converted to type @a ValueType
+
+    @throw type_error.302 in case passed type @a ValueType is incompatible
+    to the JSON value type (e.g., the JSON value is of type boolean, but a
+    string is requested); see example below
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows several conversions from JSON values
+    to other types. There a few things to note: (1) Floating-point numbers can
+    be converted to integers\, (2) A JSON array can be converted to a standard
+    `std::vector<short>`\, (3) A JSON object can be converted to C++
+    associative containers such as `std::unordered_map<std::string\,
+    json>`.,operator__ValueType}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<typename ValueType, typename std::enable_if<
+                not std::is_pointer<ValueType>::value and
+                not std::is_same<ValueType, typename string_t::value_type>::value
+                #ifndef _MSC_VER  // fix for issue #167 operator<< ambiguity under VS2015
+                and not std::is_same<ValueType, std::initializer_list<typename string_t::value_type>>::value
+#endif
+                , int>::type = 0>
+        operator ValueType() const {
+            // delegate the call to get<>() const
+            return get<ValueType>();
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        ////////////////////
+        // element access //
+        ////////////////////
+
+        /// @name element access
+        /// Access to the JSON value.
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
+
+    Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx, with
+    bounds checking.
+
+    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+
+    @return reference to the element at index @a idx
+
+    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an array; in this case,
+    calling `at` with an index makes no sense. See example below.
+    @throw out_of_range.401 if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
+    that is, `idx >= size()`. See example below.
+
+    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+    changes in the JSON value.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
+    written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that
+    can be thrown.,at__size_type}
+    */
+        reference at(size_type idx) {
+            // at only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                JSON_TRY {
+                    return m_value.array->at(idx);
+                }
+                JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range &) {
+                    // create better exception explanation
+                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
+                }
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(304, "cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified array element with bounds checking
+
+    Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx,
+    with bounds checking.
+
+    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+
+    @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
+
+    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an array; in this case,
+    calling `at` with an index makes no sense. See example below.
+    @throw out_of_range.401 if the index @a idx is out of range of the array;
+    that is, `idx >= size()`. See example below.
+
+    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+    changes in the JSON value.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
+    `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that can be thrown.,
+    at__size_type_const}
+    */
+        const_reference at(size_type idx) const {
+            // at only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                JSON_TRY {
+                    return m_value.array->at(idx);
+                }
+                JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range &) {
+                    // create better exception explanation
+                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
+                }
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(304, "cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
+
+    Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key, with
+    bounds checking.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an object; in this case,
+    calling `at` with a key makes no sense. See example below.
+    @throw out_of_range.403 if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
+    that is, `find(key) == end()`. See example below.
+
+    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+    changes in the JSON value.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
+    access by reference
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
+    written using `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that
+    can be thrown.,at__object_t_key_type}
+    */
+        reference at(const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
+            // at only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                JSON_TRY {
+                    return m_value.object->at(key);
+                }
+                JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range &) {
+                    // create better exception explanation
+                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(403, "key '" + key + "' not found"));
+                }
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(304, "cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified object element with bounds checking
+
+    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key,
+    with bounds checking.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return const reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @throw type_error.304 if the JSON value is not an object; in this case,
+    calling `at` with a key makes no sense. See example below.
+    @throw out_of_range.403 if the key @a key is is not stored in the object;
+    that is, `find(key) == end()`. See example below.
+
+    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+    changes in the JSON value.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
+    access by reference
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
+    `at()`. It also demonstrates the different exceptions that can be thrown.,
+    at__object_t_key_type_const}
+    */
+        const_reference at(const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
+            // at only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                JSON_TRY {
+                    return m_value.object->at(key);
+                }
+                JSON_CATCH (std::out_of_range &) {
+                    // create better exception explanation
+                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(403, "key '" + key + "' not found"));
+                }
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(304, "cannot use at() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified array element
+
+    Returns a reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
+
+    @note If @a idx is beyond the range of the array (i.e., `idx >= size()`),
+    then the array is silently filled up with `null` values to make `idx` a
+    valid reference to the last stored element.
+
+    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+
+    @return reference to the element at index @a idx
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an array or null; in that
+    cases, using the [] operator with an index makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Constant if @a idx is in the range of the array. Otherwise
+    linear in `idx - size()`.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read and
+    written using `[]` operator. Note the addition of `null`
+    values.,operatorarray__size_type}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        reference operator[](size_type idx) {
+            // implicitly convert null value to an empty array
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::array;
+                m_value.array = create<array_t>();
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // operator[] only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                // fill up array with null values if given idx is outside range
+                if (idx >= m_value.array->size()) {
+                    m_value.array->insert(m_value.array->end(),
+                                          idx - m_value.array->size() + 1,
+                                          basic_json());
+                }
+
+                return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(305, "cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified array element
+
+    Returns a const reference to the element at specified location @a idx.
+
+    @param[in] idx  index of the element to access
+
+    @return const reference to the element at index @a idx
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an array; in that cases,
+    using the [] operator with an index makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how array elements can be read using
+    the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__size_type_const}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        const_reference operator[](size_type idx) const {
+            // const operator[] only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                return m_value.array->operator[](idx);
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(305, "cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified object element
+
+    Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
+
+    @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
+    the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
+    In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object or null; in that
+    cases, using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
+    written using the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
+
+    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+    with range checking
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
+            // implicitly convert null value to an empty object
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::object;
+                m_value.object = create<object_t>();
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // operator[] only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                return m_value.object->operator[](key);
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(305, "cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief read-only access specified object element
+
+    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key. No
+    bounds checking is performed.
+
+    @warning If the element with key @a key does not exist, the behavior is
+    undefined.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return const reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @pre The element with key @a key must exist. **This precondition is
+         enforced with an assertion.**
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object; in that cases,
+    using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
+    the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
+
+    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+    with range checking
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        const_reference operator[](const typename object_t::key_type &key) const {
+            // const operator[] only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
+                return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(305, "cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified object element
+
+    Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
+
+    @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
+    the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
+    In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object or null; in that
+    cases, using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
+    written using the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
+
+    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+    with range checking
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<typename T, std::size_t n>
+        reference operator[](T *(&key)[n]) {
+            return operator[](static_cast<const T>(key));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief read-only access specified object element
+
+    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key. No
+    bounds checking is performed.
+
+    @warning If the element with key @a key does not exist, the behavior is
+    undefined.
+
+    @note This function is required for compatibility reasons with Clang.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return const reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object; in that cases,
+    using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
+    the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
+
+    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+    with range checking
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<typename T, std::size_t n>
+        const_reference operator[](T *(&key)[n]) const {
+            return operator[](static_cast<const T>(key));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified object element
+
+    Returns a reference to the element at with specified key @a key.
+
+    @note If @a key is not found in the object, then it is silently added to
+    the object and filled with a `null` value to make `key` a valid reference.
+    In case the value was `null` before, it is converted to an object.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object or null; in that
+    cases, using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read and
+    written using the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type}
+
+    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+    with range checking
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.1.0
+    */
+        template<typename T>
+        reference operator[](T *key) {
+            // implicitly convert null to object
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::object;
+                m_value = value_t::object;
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // at only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                return m_value.object->operator[](key);
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(305, "cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief read-only access specified object element
+
+    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified key @a key. No
+    bounds checking is performed.
+
+    @warning If the element with key @a key does not exist, the behavior is
+    undefined.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+
+    @return const reference to the element at key @a key
+
+    @pre The element with key @a key must exist. **This precondition is
+         enforced with an assertion.**
+
+    @throw type_error.305 if the JSON value is not an object; in that cases,
+    using the [] operator with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be read using
+    the `[]` operator.,operatorarray__key_type_const}
+
+    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+    with range checking
+    @sa @ref value() for access by value with a default value
+
+    @since version 1.1.0
+    */
+        template<typename T>
+        const_reference operator[](T *key) const {
+            // at only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                assert(m_value.object->find(key) != m_value.object->end());
+                return m_value.object->find(key)->second;
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(305, "cannot use operator[] with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified object element with default value
+
+    Returns either a copy of an object's element at the specified key @a key
+    or a given default value if no element with key @a key exists.
+
+    The function is basically equivalent to executing
+    @code {.cpp}
+    try {
+        return at(key);
+    } catch(out_of_range) {
+        return default_value;
+    }
+    @endcode
+
+    @note Unlike @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&), this function
+    does not throw if the given key @a key was not found.
+
+    @note Unlike @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type& key), this
+    function does not implicitly add an element to the position defined by @a
+    key. This function is furthermore also applicable to const objects.
+
+    @param[in] key  key of the element to access
+    @param[in] default_value  the value to return if @a key is not found
+
+    @tparam ValueType type compatible to JSON values, for instance `int` for
+    JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or `std::vector` types for
+    JSON arrays. Note the type of the expected value at @a key and the default
+    value @a default_value must be compatible.
+
+    @return copy of the element at key @a key or @a default_value if @a key
+    is not found
+
+    @throw type_error.306 if the JSON value is not an objec; in that cases,
+    using `value()` with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be queried
+    with a default value.,basic_json__value}
+
+    @sa @ref at(const typename object_t::key_type&) for access by reference
+    with range checking
+    @sa @ref operator[](const typename object_t::key_type&) for unchecked
+    access by reference
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<class ValueType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        ValueType value(const typename object_t::key_type &key, ValueType default_value) const {
+            // at only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                // if key is found, return value and given default value otherwise
+                const auto it = find(key);
+                if (it != end()) {
+                    return *it;
+                }
+
+                return default_value;
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(306, "cannot use value() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief overload for a default value of type const char*
+    @copydoc basic_json::value(const typename object_t::key_type&, ValueType) const
+    */
+        string_t value(const typename object_t::key_type &key, const char *default_value) const {
+            return value(key, string_t(default_value));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified object element via JSON Pointer with default value
+
+    Returns either a copy of an object's element at the specified key @a key
+    or a given default value if no element with key @a key exists.
+
+    The function is basically equivalent to executing
+    @code {.cpp}
+    try {
+        return at(ptr);
+    } catch(out_of_range) {
+        return default_value;
+    }
+    @endcode
+
+    @note Unlike @ref at(const json_pointer&), this function does not throw
+    if the given key @a key was not found.
+
+    @param[in] ptr  a JSON pointer to the element to access
+    @param[in] default_value  the value to return if @a ptr found no value
+
+    @tparam ValueType type compatible to JSON values, for instance `int` for
+    JSON integer numbers, `bool` for JSON booleans, or `std::vector` types for
+    JSON arrays. Note the type of the expected value at @a key and the default
+    value @a default_value must be compatible.
+
+    @return copy of the element at key @a key or @a default_value if @a key
+    is not found
+
+    @throw type_error.306 if the JSON value is not an objec; in that cases,
+    using `value()` with a key makes no sense.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how object elements can be queried
+    with a default value.,basic_json__value_ptr}
+
+    @sa @ref operator[](const json_pointer&) for unchecked access by reference
+
+    @since version 2.0.2
+    */
+        template<class ValueType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_convertible<basic_json_t, ValueType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        ValueType value(const json_pointer &ptr, ValueType default_value) const {
+            // at only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                // if pointer resolves a value, return it or use default value
+                JSON_TRY {
+                    return ptr.get_checked(this);
+                }
+                JSON_CATCH (out_of_range &) {
+                    return default_value;
+                }
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(306, "cannot use value() with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief overload for a default value of type const char*
+    @copydoc basic_json::value(const json_pointer&, ValueType) const
+    */
+        string_t value(const json_pointer &ptr, const char *default_value) const {
+            return value(ptr, string_t(default_value));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access the first element
+
+    Returns a reference to the first element in the container. For a JSON
+    container `c`, the expression `c.front()` is equivalent to `*c.begin()`.
+
+    @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
+    first element is returned. In case of number, string, or boolean values, a
+    reference to the value is returned.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @pre The JSON value must not be `null` (would throw `std::out_of_range`)
+    or an empty array or object (undefined behavior, **guarded by
+    assertions**).
+    @post The JSON value remains unchanged.
+
+    @throw invalid_iterator.214 when called on `null` value
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `front()`.,front}
+
+    @sa @ref back() -- access the last element
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        reference front() {
+            return *begin();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc basic_json::front()
+    */
+        const_reference front() const {
+            return *cbegin();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access the last element
+
+    Returns a reference to the last element in the container. For a JSON
+    container `c`, the expression `c.back()` is equivalent to
+    @code {.cpp}
+    auto tmp = c.end();
+    --tmp;
+    return *tmp;
+    @endcode
+
+    @return In case of a structured type (array or object), a reference to the
+    last element is returned. In case of number, string, or boolean values, a
+    reference to the value is returned.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @pre The JSON value must not be `null` (would throw `std::out_of_range`)
+    or an empty array or object (undefined behavior, **guarded by
+    assertions**).
+    @post The JSON value remains unchanged.
+
+    @throw invalid_iterator.214 when called on a `null` value. See example
+    below.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `back()`.,back}
+
+    @sa @ref front() -- access the first element
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        reference back() {
+            auto tmp = end();
+            --tmp;
+            return *tmp;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc basic_json::back()
+    */
+        const_reference back() const {
+            auto tmp = cend();
+            --tmp;
+            return *tmp;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief remove element given an iterator
+
+    Removes the element specified by iterator @a pos. The iterator @a pos must
+    be valid and dereferenceable. Thus the `end()` iterator (which is valid,
+    but is not dereferenceable) cannot be used as a value for @a pos.
+
+    If called on a primitive type other than `null`, the resulting JSON value
+    will be `null`.
+
+    @param[in] pos iterator to the element to remove
+    @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a
+    pos refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator is returned.
+
+    @tparam IteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
+
+    @post Invalidates iterators and references at or after the point of the
+    erase, including the `end()` iterator.
+
+    @throw type_error.307 if called on a `null` value; example: `"cannot use
+    erase() with null"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if called on an iterator which does not belong
+    to the current JSON value; example: `"iterator does not fit current
+    value"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.205 if called on a primitive type with invalid
+    iterator (i.e., any iterator which is not `begin()`); example: `"iterator
+    out of range"`
+
+    @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
+    - objects: amortized constant
+    - arrays: linear in distance between @a pos and the end of the container
+    - strings: linear in the length of the string
+    - other types: constant
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `erase()` for different JSON
+    types.,erase__IteratorType}
+
+    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
+    the given range
+    @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
+    from an object at the given key
+    @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
+    the given index
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
+                std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type
+        = 0>
+        IteratorType erase(IteratorType pos) {
+            // make sure iterator fits the current value
+            if (this != pos.m_object) {
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+            }
+
+            IteratorType result = end();
+
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::boolean:
+                case value_t::number_float:
+                case value_t::number_integer:
+                case value_t::number_unsigned:
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    if (not pos.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()) {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(205, "iterator out of range"));
+                    }
+
+                    if (is_string()) {
+                        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
+                        alloc.destroy(m_value.string);
+                        alloc.deallocate(m_value.string, 1);
+                        m_value.string = nullptr;
+                    }
+
+                    m_type = value_t::null;
+                    assert_invariant();
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(pos.m_it.object_iterator);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(pos.m_it.array_iterator);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    JSON_THROW(type_error(307, "cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief remove elements given an iterator range
+
+    Removes the element specified by the range `[first; last)`. The iterator
+    @a first does not need to be dereferenceable if `first == last`: erasing
+    an empty range is a no-op.
+
+    If called on a primitive type other than `null`, the resulting JSON value
+    will be `null`.
+
+    @param[in] first iterator to the beginning of the range to remove
+    @param[in] last iterator past the end of the range to remove
+    @return Iterator following the last removed element. If the iterator @a
+    second refers to the last element, the `end()` iterator is returned.
+
+    @tparam IteratorType an @ref iterator or @ref const_iterator
+
+    @post Invalidates iterators and references at or after the point of the
+    erase, including the `end()` iterator.
+
+    @throw type_error.307 if called on a `null` value; example: `"cannot use
+    erase() with null"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.203 if called on iterators which does not belong
+    to the current JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit current value"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.204 if called on a primitive type with invalid
+    iterators (i.e., if `first != begin()` and `last != end()`); example:
+    `"iterators out of range"`
+
+    @complexity The complexity depends on the type:
+    - objects: `log(size()) + std::distance(first, last)`
+    - arrays: linear in the distance between @a first and @a last, plus linear
+      in the distance between @a last and end of the container
+    - strings: linear in the length of the string
+    - other types: constant
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the result of `erase()` for different JSON
+    types.,erase__IteratorType_IteratorType}
+
+    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
+    @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
+    from an object at the given key
+    @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
+    the given index
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::iterator>::value or
+                std::is_same<IteratorType, typename basic_json_t::const_iterator>::value, int>::type
+        = 0>
+        IteratorType erase(IteratorType first, IteratorType last) {
+            // make sure iterator fits the current value
+            if (this != first.m_object or this != last.m_object) {
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(203, "iterators do not fit current value"));
+            }
+
+            IteratorType result = end();
+
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::boolean:
+                case value_t::number_float:
+                case value_t::number_integer:
+                case value_t::number_unsigned:
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    if (not first.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin() or not last.m_it.primitive_iterator.is_end()) {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(204, "iterators out of range"));
+                    }
+
+                    if (is_string()) {
+                        AllocatorType<string_t> alloc;
+                        alloc.destroy(m_value.string);
+                        alloc.deallocate(m_value.string, 1);
+                        m_value.string = nullptr;
+                    }
+
+                    m_type = value_t::null;
+                    assert_invariant();
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->erase(first.m_it.object_iterator,
+                                                                        last.m_it.object_iterator);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->erase(first.m_it.array_iterator,
+                                                                      last.m_it.array_iterator);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    JSON_THROW(type_error(307, "cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief remove element from a JSON object given a key
+
+    Removes elements from a JSON object with the key value @a key.
+
+    @param[in] key value of the elements to remove
+
+    @return Number of elements removed. If @a ObjectType is the default
+    `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was not
+    found) or `1` (@a key was found).
+
+    @post References and iterators to the erased elements are invalidated.
+    Other references and iterators are not affected.
+
+    @throw type_error.307 when called on a type other than JSON object;
+    example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
+
+    @complexity `log(size()) + count(key)`
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the effect of `erase()`.,erase__key_type}
+
+    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
+    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
+    the given range
+    @sa @ref erase(const size_type) -- removes the element from an array at
+    the given index
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        size_type erase(const typename object_t::key_type &key) {
+            // this erase only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                return m_value.object->erase(key);
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(307, "cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief remove element from a JSON array given an index
+
+    Removes element from a JSON array at the index @a idx.
+
+    @param[in] idx index of the element to remove
+
+    @throw type_error.307 when called on a type other than JSON object;
+    example: `"cannot use erase() with null"`
+    @throw out_of_range.401 when `idx >= size()`; example: `"array index 17
+    is out of range"`
+
+    @complexity Linear in distance between @a idx and the end of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the effect of `erase()`.,erase__size_type}
+
+    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType) -- removes the element at a given position
+    @sa @ref erase(IteratorType, IteratorType) -- removes the elements in
+    the given range
+    @sa @ref erase(const typename object_t::key_type&) -- removes the element
+    from an object at the given key
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void erase(const size_type idx) {
+            // this erase only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                if (idx >= size()) {
+                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(401, "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
+                }
+
+                m_value.array->erase(m_value.array->begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx));
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(307, "cannot use erase() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        ////////////
+        // lookup //
+        ////////////
+
+        /// @name lookup
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief find an element in a JSON object
+
+    Finds an element in a JSON object with key equivalent to @a key. If the
+    element is not found or the JSON value is not an object, end() is
+    returned.
+
+    @note This method always returns @ref end() when executed on a JSON type
+          that is not an object.
+
+    @param[in] key key value of the element to search for
+
+    @return Iterator to an element with key equivalent to @a key. If no such
+    element is found or the JSON value is not an object, past-the-end (see
+    @ref end()) iterator is returned.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `find()` is used.,find__key_type}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        iterator find(typename object_t::key_type key) {
+            auto result = end();
+
+            if (is_object()) {
+                result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief find an element in a JSON object
+    @copydoc find(typename object_t::key_type)
+    */
+        const_iterator find(typename object_t::key_type key) const {
+            auto result = cend();
+
+            if (is_object()) {
+                result.m_it.object_iterator = m_value.object->find(key);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns the number of occurrences of a key in a JSON object
+
+    Returns the number of elements with key @a key. If ObjectType is the
+    default `std::map` type, the return value will always be `0` (@a key was
+    not found) or `1` (@a key was found).
+
+    @note This method always returns `0` when executed on a JSON type that is
+          not an object.
+
+    @param[in] key key value of the element to count
+
+    @return Number of elements with key @a key. If the JSON value is not an
+    object, the return value will be `0`.
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the JSON object.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `count()` is used.,count}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        size_type count(typename object_t::key_type key) const {
+            // return 0 for all nonobject types
+            return is_object() ? m_value.object->count(key) : 0;
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        ///////////////
+        // iterators //
+        ///////////////
+
+        /// @name iterators
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns an iterator to the first element
+
+    Returns an iterator to the first element.
+
+    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @return iterator to the first element
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `begin()`.,begin}
+
+    @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        iterator begin() noexcept {
+            iterator result(this);
+            result.set_begin();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc basic_json::cbegin()
+    */
+        const_iterator begin() const noexcept {
+            return cbegin();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns a const iterator to the first element
+
+    Returns a const iterator to the first element.
+
+    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @return const iterator to the first element
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).begin()`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `cbegin()`.,cbegin}
+
+    @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept {
+            const_iterator result(this);
+            result.set_begin();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns an iterator to one past the last element
+
+    Returns an iterator to one past the last element.
+
+    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @return iterator one past the last element
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `end()`.,end}
+
+    @sa @ref cend() -- returns a const iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        iterator end() noexcept {
+            iterator result(this);
+            result.set_end();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc basic_json::cend()
+    */
+        const_iterator end() const noexcept {
+            return cend();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns a const iterator to one past the last element
+
+    Returns a const iterator to one past the last element.
+
+    @image html range-begin-end.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @return const iterator one past the last element
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).end()`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `cend()`.,cend}
+
+    @sa @ref end() -- returns an iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref begin() -- returns an iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref cbegin() -- returns a const iterator to the beginning
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        const_iterator cend() const noexcept {
+            const_iterator result(this);
+            result.set_end();
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning
+
+    Returns an iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last element.
+
+    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [ReversibleContainer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/ReversibleContainer)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(end())`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `rbegin()`.,rbegin}
+
+    @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept {
+            return reverse_iterator(end());
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc basic_json::crbegin()
+    */
+        const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept {
+            return crbegin();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns an iterator to the reverse-end
+
+    Returns an iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before the first
+    element.
+
+    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [ReversibleContainer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/ReversibleContainer)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `reverse_iterator(begin())`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `rend()`.,rend}
+
+    @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        reverse_iterator rend() noexcept {
+            return reverse_iterator(begin());
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc basic_json::crend()
+    */
+        const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept {
+            return crend();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns a const reverse iterator to the last element
+
+    Returns a const iterator to the reverse-beginning; that is, the last
+    element.
+
+    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [ReversibleContainer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/ReversibleContainer)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rbegin()`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `crbegin()`.,crbegin}
+
+    @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref crend() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the end
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept {
+            return const_reverse_iterator(cend());
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns a const reverse iterator to one before the first
+
+    Returns a const reverse iterator to the reverse-end; that is, one before
+    the first element.
+
+    @image html range-rbegin-rend.svg "Illustration from cppreference.com"
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [ReversibleContainer](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/ReversibleContainer)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `const_cast<const basic_json&>(*this).rend()`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows an example for `crend()`.,crend}
+
+    @sa @ref rend() -- returns a reverse iterator to the end
+    @sa @ref rbegin() -- returns a reverse iterator to the beginning
+    @sa @ref crbegin() -- returns a const reverse iterator to the beginning
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept {
+            return const_reverse_iterator(cbegin());
+        }
+
+    private:
+        // forward declaration
+        template<typename IteratorType>
+        class iteration_proxy;
+
+    public:
+        /*!
+    @brief wrapper to access iterator member functions in range-based for
+
+    This function allows to access @ref iterator::key() and @ref
+    iterator::value() during range-based for loops. In these loops, a
+    reference to the JSON values is returned, so there is no access to the
+    underlying iterator.
+
+    @note The name of this function is not yet final and may change in the
+    future.
+    */
+        static iteration_proxy<iterator> iterator_wrapper(reference cont) {
+            return iteration_proxy<iterator>(cont);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc iterator_wrapper(reference)
+    */
+        static iteration_proxy<const_iterator> iterator_wrapper(const_reference cont) {
+            return iteration_proxy<const_iterator>(cont);
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        //////////////
+        // capacity //
+        //////////////
+
+        /// @name capacity
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief checks whether the container is empty
+
+    Checks if a JSON value has no elements.
+
+    @return The return value depends on the different types and is
+            defined as follows:
+            Value type  | return value
+            ----------- | -------------
+            null        | `true`
+            boolean     | `false`
+            string      | `false`
+            number      | `false`
+            object      | result of function `object_t::empty()`
+            array       | result of function `array_t::empty()`
+
+    @note This function does not return whether a string stored as JSON value
+    is empty - it returns whether the JSON container itself is empty which is
+    false in the case of a string.
+
+    @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
+    the Container concept; that is, their `empty()` functions have constant
+    complexity.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `begin() == end()`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code uses `empty()` to check if a JSON
+    object contains any elements.,empty}
+
+    @sa @ref size() -- returns the number of elements
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        bool empty() const noexcept {
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::null: {
+                    // null values are empty
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    // delegate call to array_t::empty()
+                    return m_value.array->empty();
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    // delegate call to object_t::empty()
+                    return m_value.object->empty();
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    // all other types are nonempty
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns the number of elements
+
+    Returns the number of elements in a JSON value.
+
+    @return The return value depends on the different types and is
+            defined as follows:
+            Value type  | return value
+            ----------- | -------------
+            null        | `0`
+            boolean     | `1`
+            string      | `1`
+            number      | `1`
+            object      | result of function object_t::size()
+            array       | result of function array_t::size()
+
+    @note This function does not return the length of a string stored as JSON
+    value - it returns the number of elements in the JSON value which is 1 in
+    the case of a string.
+
+    @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
+    the Container concept; that is, their size() functions have constant
+    complexity.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of `std::distance(begin(), end())`.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code calls `size()` on the different value
+    types.,size}
+
+    @sa @ref empty() -- checks whether the container is empty
+    @sa @ref max_size() -- returns the maximal number of elements
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        size_type size() const noexcept {
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::null: {
+                    // null values are empty
+                    return 0;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    // delegate call to array_t::size()
+                    return m_value.array->size();
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    // delegate call to object_t::size()
+                    return m_value.object->size();
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    // all other types have size 1
+                    return 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief returns the maximum possible number of elements
+
+    Returns the maximum number of elements a JSON value is able to hold due to
+    system or library implementation limitations, i.e. `std::distance(begin(),
+    end())` for the JSON value.
+
+    @return The return value depends on the different types and is
+            defined as follows:
+            Value type  | return value
+            ----------- | -------------
+            null        | `0` (same as `size()`)
+            boolean     | `1` (same as `size()`)
+            string      | `1` (same as `size()`)
+            number      | `1` (same as `size()`)
+            object      | result of function `object_t::max_size()`
+            array       | result of function `array_t::max_size()`
+
+    @complexity Constant, as long as @ref array_t and @ref object_t satisfy
+    the Container concept; that is, their `max_size()` functions have constant
+    complexity.
+
+    @requirement This function helps `basic_json` satisfying the
+    [Container](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/Container)
+    requirements:
+    - The complexity is constant.
+    - Has the semantics of returning `b.size()` where `b` is the largest
+      possible JSON value.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code calls `max_size()` on the different value
+    types. Note the output is implementation specific.,max_size}
+
+    @sa @ref size() -- returns the number of elements
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        size_type max_size() const noexcept {
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    // delegate call to array_t::max_size()
+                    return m_value.array->max_size();
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    // delegate call to object_t::max_size()
+                    return m_value.object->max_size();
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    // all other types have max_size() == size()
+                    return size();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        ///////////////
+        // modifiers //
+        ///////////////
+
+        /// @name modifiers
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief clears the contents
+
+    Clears the content of a JSON value and resets it to the default value as
+    if @ref basic_json(value_t) would have been called:
+
+    Value type  | initial value
+    ----------- | -------------
+    null        | `null`
+    boolean     | `false`
+    string      | `""`
+    number      | `0`
+    object      | `{}`
+    array       | `[]`
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows the effect of `clear()` to different
+    JSON types.,clear}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void clear() noexcept {
+            switch (m_type) {
+                case value_t::number_integer: {
+                    m_value.number_integer = 0;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                    m_value.number_unsigned = 0;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_float: {
+                    m_value.number_float = 0.0;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::boolean: {
+                    m_value.boolean = false;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    m_value.string->clear();
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    m_value.array->clear();
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    m_value.object->clear();
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an array
+
+    Appends the given element @a val to the end of the JSON value. If the
+    function is called on a JSON null value, an empty array is created before
+    appending @a val.
+
+    @param[in] val the value to add to the JSON array
+
+    @throw type_error.308 when called on a type other than JSON array or
+    null; example: `"cannot use push_back() with number"`
+
+    @complexity Amortized constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to
+    add elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was silently
+    converted to a JSON array.,push_back}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void push_back(basic_json &&val) {
+            // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
+            if (not(is_null() or is_array())) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(308, "cannot use push_back() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+
+            // transform null object into an array
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::array;
+                m_value = value_t::array;
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // add element to array (move semantics)
+            m_value.array->push_back(std::move(val));
+            // invalidate object
+            val.m_type = value_t::null;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an array
+    @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
+    */
+        reference operator+=(basic_json &&val) {
+            push_back(std::move(val));
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an array
+    @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
+    */
+        void push_back(const basic_json &val) {
+            // push_back only works for null objects or arrays
+            if (not(is_null() or is_array())) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(308, "cannot use push_back() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+
+            // transform null object into an array
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::array;
+                m_value = value_t::array;
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // add element to array
+            m_value.array->push_back(val);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an array
+    @copydoc push_back(basic_json&&)
+    */
+        reference operator+=(const basic_json &val) {
+            push_back(val);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an object
+
+    Inserts the given element @a val to the JSON object. If the function is
+    called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before inserting
+    @a val.
+
+    @param[in] val the value to add to the JSON object
+
+    @throw type_error.308 when called on a type other than JSON object or
+    null; example: `"cannot use push_back() with number"`
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` and `+=` can be used to
+    add elements to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value was silently
+    converted to a JSON object.,push_back__object_t__value}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void push_back(const typename object_t::value_type &val) {
+            // push_back only works for null objects or objects
+            if (not(is_null() or is_object())) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(308, "cannot use push_back() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+
+            // transform null object into an object
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::object;
+                m_value = value_t::object;
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // add element to array
+            m_value.object->insert(val);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an object
+    @copydoc push_back(const typename object_t::value_type&)
+    */
+        reference operator+=(const typename object_t::value_type &val) {
+            push_back(val);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an object
+
+    This function allows to use `push_back` with an initializer list. In case
+
+    1. the current value is an object,
+    2. the initializer list @a init contains only two elements, and
+    3. the first element of @a init is a string,
+
+    @a init is converted into an object element and added using
+    @ref push_back(const typename object_t::value_type&). Otherwise, @a init
+    is converted to a JSON value and added using @ref push_back(basic_json&&).
+
+    @param init  an initializer list
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the initializer list @a init.
+
+    @note This function is required to resolve an ambiguous overload error,
+          because pairs like `{"key", "value"}` can be both interpreted as
+          `object_t::value_type` or `std::initializer_list<basic_json>`, see
+          https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/235 for more information.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how initializer lists are treated as
+    objects when possible.,push_back__initializer_list}
+    */
+        void push_back(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init) {
+            if (is_object() and init.size() == 2 and init.begin()->is_string()) {
+                const string_t key = *init.begin();
+                push_back(typename object_t::value_type(key, *(init.begin() + 1)));
+            } else {
+                push_back(basic_json(init));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an object
+    @copydoc push_back(std::initializer_list<basic_json>)
+    */
+        reference operator+=(std::initializer_list<basic_json> init) {
+            push_back(init);
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an array
+
+    Creates a JSON value from the passed parameters @a args to the end of the
+    JSON value. If the function is called on a JSON null value, an empty array
+    is created before appending the value created from @a args.
+
+    @param[in] args arguments to forward to a constructor of @ref basic_json
+    @tparam Args compatible types to create a @ref basic_json object
+
+    @throw type_error.311 when called on a type other than JSON array or
+    null; example: `"cannot use emplace_back() with number"`
+
+    @complexity Amortized constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `push_back()` can be used to add
+    elements to a JSON array. Note how the `null` value was silently converted
+    to a JSON array.,emplace_back}
+
+    @since version 2.0.8
+    */
+        template<class... Args>
+        void emplace_back(Args &&... args) {
+            // emplace_back only works for null objects or arrays
+            if (not(is_null() or is_array())) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(311, "cannot use emplace_back() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+
+            // transform null object into an array
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::array;
+                m_value = value_t::array;
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
+            m_value.array->emplace_back(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief add an object to an object if key does not exist
+
+    Inserts a new element into a JSON object constructed in-place with the
+    given @a args if there is no element with the key in the container. If the
+    function is called on a JSON null value, an empty object is created before
+    appending the value created from @a args.
+
+    @param[in] args arguments to forward to a constructor of @ref basic_json
+    @tparam Args compatible types to create a @ref basic_json object
+
+    @return a pair consisting of an iterator to the inserted element, or the
+            already-existing element if no insertion happened, and a bool
+            denoting whether the insertion took place.
+
+    @throw type_error.311 when called on a type other than JSON object or
+    null; example: `"cannot use emplace() with number"`
+
+    @complexity Logarithmic in the size of the container, O(log(`size()`)).
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `emplace()` can be used to add elements
+    to a JSON object. Note how the `null` value was silently converted to a
+    JSON object. Further note how no value is added if there was already one
+    value stored with the same key.,emplace}
+
+    @since version 2.0.8
+    */
+        template<class... Args>
+        std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&... args) {
+            // emplace only works for null objects or arrays
+            if (not(is_null() or is_object())) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(311, "cannot use emplace() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+
+            // transform null object into an object
+            if (is_null()) {
+                m_type = value_t::object;
+                m_value = value_t::object;
+                assert_invariant();
+            }
+
+            // add element to array (perfect forwarding)
+            auto res = m_value.object->emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+            // create result iterator and set iterator to the result of emplace
+            auto it = begin();
+            it.m_it.object_iterator = res.first;
+
+            // return pair of iterator and boolean
+            return {it, res.second};
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief inserts element
+
+    Inserts element @a val before iterator @a pos.
+
+    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+    the end() iterator
+    @param[in] val element to insert
+    @return iterator pointing to the inserted @a val.
+
+    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays;
+    example: `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+
+    @complexity Constant plus linear in the distance between @a pos and end of
+    the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const basic_json &val) {
+            // insert only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+                if (pos.m_object != this) {
+                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+                }
+
+                // insert to array and return iterator
+                iterator result(this);
+                result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, val);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(309, "cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief inserts element
+    @copydoc insert(const_iterator, const basic_json&)
+    */
+        iterator insert(const_iterator pos, basic_json &&val) {
+            return insert(pos, val);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief inserts elements
+
+    Inserts @a cnt copies of @a val before iterator @a pos.
+
+    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+    the end() iterator
+    @param[in] cnt number of copies of @a val to insert
+    @param[in] val element to insert
+    @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
+    `cnt==0`
+
+    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
+    `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+
+    @complexity Linear in @a cnt plus linear in the distance between @a pos
+    and end of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__count}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type cnt, const basic_json &val) {
+            // insert only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+                if (pos.m_object != this) {
+                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+                }
+
+                // insert to array and return iterator
+                iterator result(this);
+                result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, cnt, val);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            JSON_THROW(type_error(309, "cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief inserts elements
+
+    Inserts elements from range `[first, last)` before iterator @a pos.
+
+    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+    the end() iterator
+    @param[in] first begin of the range of elements to insert
+    @param[in] last end of the range of elements to insert
+
+    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
+    `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.210 if @a first and @a last do not belong to the
+    same JSON value; example: `"iterators do not fit"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.211 if @a first or @a last are iterators into
+    container for which insert is called; example: `"passed iterators may not
+    belong to container"`
+
+    @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
+    `first==last`
+
+    @complexity Linear in `std::distance(first, last)` plus linear in the
+    distance between @a pos and end of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__range}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
+            // insert only works for arrays
+            if (not is_array()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(309, "cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+
+            // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+            if (pos.m_object != this) {
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+            }
+
+            // check if range iterators belong to the same JSON object
+            if (first.m_object != last.m_object) {
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(210, "iterators do not fit"));
+            }
+
+            if (first.m_object == this or last.m_object == this) {
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(211, "passed iterators may not belong to container"));
+            }
+
+            // insert to array and return iterator
+            iterator result(this);
+            result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(
+                    pos.m_it.array_iterator,
+                    first.m_it.array_iterator,
+                    last.m_it.array_iterator);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief inserts elements
+
+    Inserts elements from initializer list @a ilist before iterator @a pos.
+
+    @param[in] pos iterator before which the content will be inserted; may be
+    the end() iterator
+    @param[in] ilist initializer list to insert the values from
+
+    @throw type_error.309 if called on JSON values other than arrays; example:
+    `"cannot use insert() with string"`
+    @throw invalid_iterator.202 if @a pos is not an iterator of *this;
+    example: `"iterator does not fit current value"`
+
+    @return iterator pointing to the first element inserted, or @a pos if
+    `ilist` is empty
+
+    @complexity Linear in `ilist.size()` plus linear in the distance between
+    @a pos and end of the container.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows how `insert()` is used.,insert__ilist}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        iterator insert(const_iterator pos, std::initializer_list<basic_json> ilist) {
+            // insert only works for arrays
+            if (not is_array()) {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(309, "cannot use insert() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+
+            // check if iterator pos fits to this JSON value
+            if (pos.m_object != this) {
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(202, "iterator does not fit current value"));
+            }
+
+            // insert to array and return iterator
+            iterator result(this);
+            result.m_it.array_iterator = m_value.array->insert(pos.m_it.array_iterator, ilist);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief exchanges the values
+
+    Exchanges the contents of the JSON value with those of @a other. Does not
+    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+    invalidated.
+
+    @param[in,out] other JSON value to exchange the contents with
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how JSON values can be swapped with
+    `swap()`.,swap__reference}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void swap(reference other) noexcept(
+        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_t>::value and
+        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<value_t>::value and
+        std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<json_value>::value and
+        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<json_value>::value
+        ) {
+            std::swap(m_type, other.m_type);
+            std::swap(m_value, other.m_value);
+            assert_invariant();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief exchanges the values
+
+    Exchanges the contents of a JSON array with those of @a other. Does not
+    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+    invalidated.
+
+    @param[in,out] other array to exchange the contents with
+
+    @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not an array; example: `"cannot
+    use swap() with string"`
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how arrays can be swapped with
+    `swap()`.,swap__array_t}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void swap(array_t &other) {
+            // swap only works for arrays
+            if (is_array()) {
+                std::swap(*(m_value.array), other);
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(310, "cannot use swap() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief exchanges the values
+
+    Exchanges the contents of a JSON object with those of @a other. Does not
+    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+    invalidated.
+
+    @param[in,out] other object to exchange the contents with
+
+    @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not an object; example:
+    `"cannot use swap() with string"`
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how objects can be swapped with
+    `swap()`.,swap__object_t}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void swap(object_t &other) {
+            // swap only works for objects
+            if (is_object()) {
+                std::swap(*(m_value.object), other);
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(310, "cannot use swap() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief exchanges the values
+
+    Exchanges the contents of a JSON string with those of @a other. Does not
+    invoke any move, copy, or swap operations on individual elements. All
+    iterators and references remain valid. The past-the-end iterator is
+    invalidated.
+
+    @param[in,out] other string to exchange the contents with
+
+    @throw type_error.310 when JSON value is not a string; example: `"cannot
+    use swap() with boolean"`
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how strings can be swapped with
+    `swap()`.,swap__string_t}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        void swap(string_t &other) {
+            // swap only works for strings
+            if (is_string()) {
+                std::swap(*(m_value.string), other);
+            } else {
+                JSON_THROW(type_error(310, "cannot use swap() with " + type_name()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+    public:
+        //////////////////////////////////////////
+        // lexicographical comparison operators //
+        //////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// @name lexicographical comparison operators
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: equal
+
+    Compares two JSON values for equality according to the following rules:
+    - Two JSON values are equal if (1) they are from the same type and (2)
+      their stored values are the same.
+    - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
+      comparison. Floating-point numbers are compared indirectly: two
+      floating-point numbers `f1` and `f2` are considered equal if neither
+      `f1 > f2` nor `f2 > f1` holds.
+    - Two JSON null values are equal.
+
+    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+    @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are equal
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+    types.,operator__equal}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
+            const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
+
+            if (lhs_type == rhs_type) {
+                switch (lhs_type) {
+                    case value_t::array: {
+                        return *lhs.m_value.array == *rhs.m_value.array;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::object: {
+                        return *lhs.m_value.object == *rhs.m_value.object;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::null: {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::string: {
+                        return *lhs.m_value.string == *rhs.m_value.string;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::boolean: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.boolean == rhs.m_value.boolean;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::number_integer: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.number_integer == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.number_unsigned == rhs.m_value.number_unsigned;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::number_float: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.number_float == rhs.m_value.number_float;
+                    }
+                    default: {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+                return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) == rhs.m_value.number_float;
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+                return lhs.m_value.number_float == static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+                return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) == rhs.m_value.number_float;
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+                return lhs.m_value.number_float == static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+                return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) == rhs.m_value.number_integer;
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+                return lhs.m_value.number_integer == static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+            }
+
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: equal
+    @copydoc operator==(const_reference, const_reference)
+    */
+        template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        friend bool operator==(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+            return (lhs == basic_json(rhs));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: equal
+    @copydoc operator==(const_reference, const_reference)
+    */
+        template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        friend bool operator==(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            return (basic_json(lhs) == rhs);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: not equal
+
+    Compares two JSON values for inequality by calculating `not (lhs == rhs)`.
+
+    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+    @return whether the values @a lhs and @a rhs are not equal
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+    types.,operator__notequal}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            return not(lhs == rhs);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: not equal
+    @copydoc operator!=(const_reference, const_reference)
+    */
+        template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        friend bool operator!=(const_reference lhs, const ScalarType rhs) noexcept {
+            return (lhs != basic_json(rhs));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: not equal
+    @copydoc operator!=(const_reference, const_reference)
+    */
+        template<typename ScalarType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_scalar<ScalarType>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        friend bool operator!=(const ScalarType lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            return (basic_json(lhs) != rhs);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: less than
+
+    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than another JSON value @a
+    rhs according to the following rules:
+    - If @a lhs and @a rhs have the same type, the values are compared using
+      the default `<` operator.
+    - Integer and floating-point numbers are automatically converted before
+      comparison
+    - In case @a lhs and @a rhs have different types, the values are ignored
+      and the order of the types is considered, see
+      @ref operator<(const value_t, const value_t).
+
+    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+    @return whether @a lhs is less than @a rhs
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+    types.,operator__less}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend bool operator<(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            const auto lhs_type = lhs.type();
+            const auto rhs_type = rhs.type();
+
+            if (lhs_type == rhs_type) {
+                switch (lhs_type) {
+                    case value_t::array: {
+                        return *lhs.m_value.array < *rhs.m_value.array;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::object: {
+                        return *lhs.m_value.object < *rhs.m_value.object;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::null: {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::string: {
+                        return *lhs.m_value.string < *rhs.m_value.string;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::boolean: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.boolean < rhs.m_value.boolean;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::number_integer: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.number_integer < rhs.m_value.number_integer;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.number_unsigned < rhs.m_value.number_unsigned;
+                    }
+                    case value_t::number_float: {
+                        return lhs.m_value.number_float < rhs.m_value.number_float;
+                    }
+                    default: {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+                return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_integer) < rhs.m_value.number_float;
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+                return lhs.m_value.number_float < static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_integer);
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_float) {
+                return static_cast<number_float_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < rhs.m_value.number_float;
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_float and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+                return lhs.m_value.number_float < static_cast<number_float_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_integer and rhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned) {
+                return lhs.m_value.number_integer < static_cast<number_integer_t>(rhs.m_value.number_unsigned);
+            } else if (lhs_type == value_t::number_unsigned and rhs_type == value_t::number_integer) {
+                return static_cast<number_integer_t>(lhs.m_value.number_unsigned) < rhs.m_value.number_integer;
+            }
+
+            // We only reach this line if we cannot compare values. In that case,
+            // we compare types. Note we have to call the operator explicitly,
+            // because MSVC has problems otherwise.
+            return operator<(lhs_type, rhs_type);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: less than or equal
+
+    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is less than or equal to another
+    JSON value by calculating `not (rhs < lhs)`.
+
+    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+    @return whether @a lhs is less than or equal to @a rhs
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+    types.,operator__greater}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend bool operator<=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            return not(rhs < lhs);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: greater than
+
+    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than another
+    JSON value by calculating `not (lhs <= rhs)`.
+
+    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+    @return whether @a lhs is greater than to @a rhs
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+    types.,operator__lessequal}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend bool operator>(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            return not(lhs <= rhs);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief comparison: greater than or equal
+
+    Compares whether one JSON value @a lhs is greater than or equal to another
+    JSON value by calculating `not (lhs < rhs)`.
+
+    @param[in] lhs  first JSON value to consider
+    @param[in] rhs  second JSON value to consider
+    @return whether @a lhs is greater than or equal to @a rhs
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The example demonstrates comparing several JSON
+    types.,operator__greaterequal}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend bool operator>=(const_reference lhs, const_reference rhs) noexcept {
+            return not(lhs < rhs);
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        ///////////////////
+        // serialization //
+        ///////////////////
+
+        /// @name serialization
+        /// @{
+
+    private:
+        /*!
+    @brief wrapper around the serialization functions
+    */
+        class serializer {
+        private:
+            serializer(const serializer &) = delete;
+
+            serializer &operator=(const serializer &) = delete;
+
+        public:
+            /*!
+        @param[in] s  output stream to serialize to
+        */
+            serializer(std::ostream &s)
+                    : o(s), loc(std::localeconv()),
+                      thousands_sep(!loc->thousands_sep ? '\0' : loc->thousands_sep[0]),
+                      decimal_point(!loc->decimal_point ? '\0' : loc->decimal_point[0]) {}
+
+            /*!
+        @brief internal implementation of the serialization function
+
+        This function is called by the public member function dump and
+        organizes the serialization internally. The indentation level is
+        propagated as additional parameter. In case of arrays and objects, the
+        function is called recursively.
+
+        - strings and object keys are escaped using `escape_string()`
+        - integer numbers are converted implicitly via `operator<<`
+        - floating-point numbers are converted to a string using `"%g"` format
+
+        @param[in] val             value to serialize
+        @param[in] pretty_print    whether the output shall be pretty-printed
+        @param[in] indent_step     the indent level
+        @param[in] current_indent  the current indent level (only used internally)
+        */
+            void dump(const basic_json &val,
+                      const bool pretty_print,
+                      const unsigned int indent_step,
+                      const unsigned int current_indent = 0) {
+                switch (val.m_type) {
+                    case value_t::object: {
+                        if (val.m_value.object->empty()) {
+                            o.write("{}", 2);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (pretty_print) {
+                            o.write("{\n", 2);
+
+                            // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
+                            const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
+                            if (indent_string.size() < new_indent) {
+                                indent_string.resize(new_indent, ' ');
+                            }
+
+                            // first n-1 elements
+                            auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
+                            for (size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i) {
+                                o.write(indent_string.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(new_indent));
+                                o.put('\"');
+                                dump_escaped(i->first);
+                                o.write("\": ", 3);
+                                dump(i->second, true, indent_step, new_indent);
+                                o.write(",\n", 2);
+                            }
+
+                            // last element
+                            assert(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
+                            o.write(indent_string.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(new_indent));
+                            o.put('\"');
+                            dump_escaped(i->first);
+                            o.write("\": ", 3);
+                            dump(i->second, true, indent_step, new_indent);
+
+                            o.put('\n');
+                            o.write(indent_string.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(current_indent));
+                            o.put('}');
+                        } else {
+                            o.put('{');
+
+                            // first n-1 elements
+                            auto i = val.m_value.object->cbegin();
+                            for (size_t cnt = 0; cnt < val.m_value.object->size() - 1; ++cnt, ++i) {
+                                o.put('\"');
+                                dump_escaped(i->first);
+                                o.write("\":", 2);
+                                dump(i->second, false, indent_step, current_indent);
+                                o.put(',');
+                            }
+
+                            // last element
+                            assert(i != val.m_value.object->cend());
+                            o.put('\"');
+                            dump_escaped(i->first);
+                            o.write("\":", 2);
+                            dump(i->second, false, indent_step, current_indent);
+
+                            o.put('}');
+                        }
+
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::array: {
+                        if (val.m_value.array->empty()) {
+                            o.write("[]", 2);
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        if (pretty_print) {
+                            o.write("[\n", 2);
+
+                            // variable to hold indentation for recursive calls
+                            const auto new_indent = current_indent + indent_step;
+                            if (indent_string.size() < new_indent) {
+                                indent_string.resize(new_indent, ' ');
+                            }
+
+                            // first n-1 elements
+                            for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin(); i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i) {
+                                o.write(indent_string.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(new_indent));
+                                dump(*i, true, indent_step, new_indent);
+                                o.write(",\n", 2);
+                            }
+
+                            // last element
+                            assert(not val.m_value.array->empty());
+                            o.write(indent_string.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(new_indent));
+                            dump(val.m_value.array->back(), true, indent_step, new_indent);
+
+                            o.put('\n');
+                            o.write(indent_string.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(current_indent));
+                            o.put(']');
+                        } else {
+                            o.put('[');
+
+                            // first n-1 elements
+                            for (auto i = val.m_value.array->cbegin(); i != val.m_value.array->cend() - 1; ++i) {
+                                dump(*i, false, indent_step, current_indent);
+                                o.put(',');
+                            }
+
+                            // last element
+                            assert(not val.m_value.array->empty());
+                            dump(val.m_value.array->back(), false, indent_step, current_indent);
+
+                            o.put(']');
+                        }
+
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::string: {
+                        o.put('\"');
+                        dump_escaped(*val.m_value.string);
+                        o.put('\"');
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::boolean: {
+                        if (val.m_value.boolean) {
+                            o.write("true", 4);
+                        } else {
+                            o.write("false", 5);
+                        }
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::number_integer: {
+                        dump_integer(val.m_value.number_integer);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                        dump_integer(val.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::number_float: {
+                        dump_float(val.m_value.number_float);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::discarded: {
+                        o.write("<discarded>", 11);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::null: {
+                        o.write("null", 4);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /*!
+        @brief calculates the extra space to escape a JSON string
+
+        @param[in] s  the string to escape
+        @return the number of characters required to escape string @a s
+
+        @complexity Linear in the length of string @a s.
+        */
+            static std::size_t extra_space(const string_t &s) noexcept {
+                return std::accumulate(s.begin(), s.end(), size_t{},
+                                       [](size_t res, typename string_t::value_type c) {
+                                           switch (c) {
+                                               case '"':
+                                               case '\\':
+                                               case '\b':
+                                               case '\f':
+                                               case '\n':
+                                               case '\r':
+                                               case '\t': {
+                                                   // from c (1 byte) to \x (2 bytes)
+                                                   return res + 1;
+                                               }
+
+                                               case 0x00:
+                                               case 0x01:
+                                               case 0x02:
+                                               case 0x03:
+                                               case 0x04:
+                                               case 0x05:
+                                               case 0x06:
+                                               case 0x07:
+                                               case 0x0b:
+                                               case 0x0e:
+                                               case 0x0f:
+                                               case 0x10:
+                                               case 0x11:
+                                               case 0x12:
+                                               case 0x13:
+                                               case 0x14:
+                                               case 0x15:
+                                               case 0x16:
+                                               case 0x17:
+                                               case 0x18:
+                                               case 0x19:
+                                               case 0x1a:
+                                               case 0x1b:
+                                               case 0x1c:
+                                               case 0x1d:
+                                               case 0x1e:
+                                               case 0x1f: {
+                                                   // from c (1 byte) to \uxxxx (6 bytes)
+                                                   return res + 5;
+                                               }
+
+                                               default: {
+                                                   return res;
+                                               }
+                                           }
+                                       });
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief dump escaped string
+
+        Escape a string by replacing certain special characters by a sequence
+        of an escape character (backslash) and another character and other
+        control characters by a sequence of "\u" followed by a four-digit hex
+        representation. The escaped string is written to output stream @a o.
+
+        @param[in] s  the string to escape
+
+        @complexity Linear in the length of string @a s.
+        */
+            void dump_escaped(const string_t &s) const {
+                const auto space = extra_space(s);
+                if (space == 0) {
+                    o.write(s.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(s.size()));
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // create a result string of necessary size
+                string_t result(s.size() + space, '\\');
+                std::size_t pos = 0;
+
+                for (const auto &c : s) {
+                    switch (c) {
+                        // quotation mark (0x22)
+                        case '"': {
+                            result[pos + 1] = '"';
+                            pos += 2;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                            // reverse solidus (0x5c)
+                        case '\\': {
+                            // nothing to change
+                            pos += 2;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                            // backspace (0x08)
+                        case '\b': {
+                            result[pos + 1] = 'b';
+                            pos += 2;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                            // formfeed (0x0c)
+                        case '\f': {
+                            result[pos + 1] = 'f';
+                            pos += 2;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                            // newline (0x0a)
+                        case '\n': {
+                            result[pos + 1] = 'n';
+                            pos += 2;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                            // carriage return (0x0d)
+                        case '\r': {
+                            result[pos + 1] = 'r';
+                            pos += 2;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                            // horizontal tab (0x09)
+                        case '\t': {
+                            result[pos + 1] = 't';
+                            pos += 2;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case 0x00:
+                        case 0x01:
+                        case 0x02:
+                        case 0x03:
+                        case 0x04:
+                        case 0x05:
+                        case 0x06:
+                        case 0x07:
+                        case 0x0b:
+                        case 0x0e:
+                        case 0x0f:
+                        case 0x10:
+                        case 0x11:
+                        case 0x12:
+                        case 0x13:
+                        case 0x14:
+                        case 0x15:
+                        case 0x16:
+                        case 0x17:
+                        case 0x18:
+                        case 0x19:
+                        case 0x1a:
+                        case 0x1b:
+                        case 0x1c:
+                        case 0x1d:
+                        case 0x1e:
+                        case 0x1f: {
+                            // convert a number 0..15 to its hex representation
+                            // (0..f)
+                            static const char hexify[16] =
+                                    {
+                                            '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7',
+                                            '8', '9', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'
+                                    };
+
+                            // print character c as \uxxxx
+                            for (const char m :
+                                    {'u', '0', '0', hexify[c >> 4], hexify[c & 0x0f]
+                                    }) {
+                                result[++pos] = m;
+                            }
+
+                            ++pos;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default: {
+                            // all other characters are added as-is
+                            result[pos++] = c;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                assert(pos == s.size() + space);
+                o.write(result.c_str(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(result.size()));
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief dump an integer
+
+        Dump a given integer to output stream @a o. Works internally with
+        @a number_buffer.
+
+        @param[in] x  integer number (signed or unsigned) to dump
+        @tparam NumberType either @a number_integer_t or @a number_unsigned_t
+        */
+            template<typename NumberType, detail::enable_if_t<
+                    std::is_same<NumberType, number_unsigned_t>::value or
+                    std::is_same<NumberType, number_integer_t>::value, int> = 0>
+            void dump_integer(NumberType x) {
+                // special case for "0"
+                if (x == 0) {
+                    o.put('0');
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                const bool is_negative = x < 0;
+                size_t i = 0;
+
+                // spare 1 byte for '\0'
+                while (x != 0 and i < number_buffer.size() - 1) {
+                    const auto digit = std::labs(static_cast<long>(x % 10));
+                    number_buffer[i++] = static_cast<char>('0' + digit);
+                    x /= 10;
+                }
+
+                // make sure the number has been processed completely
+                assert(x == 0);
+
+                if (is_negative) {
+                    // make sure there is capacity for the '-'
+                    assert(i < number_buffer.size() - 2);
+                    number_buffer[i++] = '-';
+                }
+
+                std::reverse(number_buffer.begin(), number_buffer.begin() + i);
+                o.write(number_buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(i));
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief dump a floating-point number
+
+        Dump a given floating-point number to output stream @a o. Works
+        internally with @a number_buffer.
+
+        @param[in] x  floating-point number to dump
+        */
+            void dump_float(number_float_t x) {
+                // NaN / inf
+                if (not std::isfinite(x) or std::isnan(x)) {
+                    o.write("null", 4);
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // special case for 0.0 and -0.0
+                if (x == 0) {
+                    if (std::signbit(x)) {
+                        o.write("-0.0", 4);
+                    } else {
+                        o.write("0.0", 3);
+                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                // get number of digits for a text -> float -> text round-trip
+                static constexpr auto d = std::numeric_limits<number_float_t>::digits10;
+
+                // the actual conversion
+                std::ptrdiff_t len = snprintf(number_buffer.data(), number_buffer.size(),
+                                              "%.*g", d, x);
+
+                // negative value indicates an error
+                assert(len > 0);
+                // check if buffer was large enough
+                assert(static_cast<size_t>(len) < number_buffer.size());
+
+                // erase thousands separator
+                if (thousands_sep != '\0') {
+                    const auto end = std::remove(number_buffer.begin(),
+                                                 number_buffer.begin() + len,
+                                                 thousands_sep);
+                    std::fill(end, number_buffer.end(), '\0');
+                    assert((end - number_buffer.begin()) <= len);
+                    len = (end - number_buffer.begin());
+                }
+
+                // convert decimal point to '.'
+                if (decimal_point != '\0' and decimal_point != '.') {
+                    for (auto &c : number_buffer) {
+                        if (c == decimal_point) {
+                            c = '.';
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                o.write(number_buffer.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(len));
+
+                // determine if need to append ".0"
+                const bool value_is_int_like = std::none_of(number_buffer.begin(),
+                                                            number_buffer.begin() + len + 1,
+                                                            [](char c) {
+                                                                return c == '.' or c == 'e';
+                                                            });
+
+                if (value_is_int_like) {
+                    o.write(".0", 2);
+                }
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /// the output of the serializer
+            std::ostream &o;
+
+            /// a (hopefully) large enough character buffer
+            std::array<char, 64> number_buffer{{}};
+
+            /// the locale
+            const std::lconv *loc = nullptr;
+            /// the locale's thousand separator character
+            const char thousands_sep = '\0';
+            /// the locale's decimal point character
+            const char decimal_point = '\0';
+
+            /// the indentation string
+            string_t indent_string = string_t(512, ' ');
+        };
+
+    public:
+        /*!
+    @brief serialize to stream
+
+    Serialize the given JSON value @a j to the output stream @a o. The JSON
+    value will be serialized using the @ref dump member function. The
+    indentation of the output can be controlled with the member variable
+    `width` of the output stream @a o. For instance, using the manipulator
+    `std::setw(4)` on @a o sets the indentation level to `4` and the
+    serialization result is the same as calling `dump(4)`.
+
+    @param[in,out] o  stream to serialize to
+    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+
+    @return the stream @a o
+
+    @complexity Linear.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows the serialization with different
+    parameters to `width` to adjust the indentation level.,operator_serialize}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const basic_json &j) {
+            // read width member and use it as indentation parameter if nonzero
+            const bool pretty_print = (o.width() > 0);
+            const auto indentation = (pretty_print ? o.width() : 0);
+
+            // reset width to 0 for subsequent calls to this stream
+            o.width(0);
+
+            // do the actual serialization
+            serializer s(o);
+            s.dump(j, pretty_print, static_cast<unsigned int>(indentation));
+            return o;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief serialize to stream
+    @copydoc operator<<(std::ostream&, const basic_json&)
+    */
+        friend std::ostream &operator>>(const basic_json &j, std::ostream &o) {
+            return o << j;
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+
+        /////////////////////
+        // deserialization //
+        /////////////////////
+
+        /// @name deserialization
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief deserialize from an array
+
+    This function reads from an array of 1-byte values.
+
+    @pre Each element of the container has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
+    precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
+    with a static assertion.**
+
+    @param[in] array  array to read from
+    @param[in] cb  a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
+    which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
+    (optional)
+
+    @return result of the deserialization
+
+    @throw parse_error.101 if a parse error occurs; example: `""unexpected end
+    of input; expected string literal""`
+    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
+    @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+
+    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
+    from an array.,parse__array__parser_callback_t}
+
+    @since version 2.0.3
+    */
+        template<class T, std::size_t N>
+        static basic_json parse(T (&array)[N],
+                                const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr) {
+            // delegate the call to the iterator-range parse overload
+            return parse(std::begin(array), std::end(array), cb);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief deserialize from string literal
+
+    @tparam CharT character/literal type with size of 1 byte
+    @param[in] s  string literal to read a serialized JSON value from
+    @param[in] cb a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
+    which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
+    (optional)
+
+    @return result of the deserialization
+
+    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
+    @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+
+    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+    @note String containers like `std::string` or @ref string_t can be parsed
+          with @ref parse(const ContiguousContainer&, const parser_callback_t)
+
+    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function with
+    and without callback function.,parse__string__parser_callback_t}
+
+    @sa @ref parse(std::istream&, const parser_callback_t) for a version that
+    reads from an input stream
+
+    @since version 1.0.0 (originally for @ref string_t)
+    */
+        template<typename CharT, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_pointer<CharT>::value and
+                std::is_integral<typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type>::value and
+                sizeof(typename std::remove_pointer<CharT>::type) == 1, int>::type = 0>
+        static basic_json parse(const CharT s,
+                                const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr) {
+            return parser(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s), cb).parse();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief deserialize from stream
+
+    @param[in,out] i  stream to read a serialized JSON value from
+    @param[in] cb a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
+    which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
+    (optional)
+
+    @return result of the deserialization
+
+    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+    @throw parse_error.111 if input stream is in a bad state
+
+    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
+    @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+
+    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function with
+    and without callback function.,parse__istream__parser_callback_t}
+
+    @sa @ref parse(const CharT, const parser_callback_t) for a version
+    that reads from a string
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        static basic_json parse(std::istream &i,
+                                const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr) {
+            return parser(i, cb).parse();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @copydoc parse(std::istream&, const parser_callback_t)
+    */
+        static basic_json parse(std::istream &&i,
+                                const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr) {
+            return parser(i, cb).parse();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief deserialize from an iterator range with contiguous storage
+
+    This function reads from an iterator range of a container with contiguous
+    storage of 1-byte values. Compatible container types include
+    `std::vector`, `std::string`, `std::array`, `std::valarray`, and
+    `std::initializer_list`. Furthermore, C-style arrays can be used with
+    `std::begin()`/`std::end()`. User-defined containers can be used as long
+    as they implement random-access iterators and a contiguous storage.
+
+    @pre The iterator range is contiguous. Violating this precondition yields
+    undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an assertion.**
+    @pre Each element in the range has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
+    precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
+    with a static assertion.**
+
+    @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
+             the function is called with noncompliant iterators and with
+             assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
+             likely yield segmentation violation.
+
+    @tparam IteratorType iterator of container with contiguous storage
+    @param[in] first  begin of the range to parse (included)
+    @param[in] last  end of the range to parse (excluded)
+    @param[in] cb  a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
+    which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
+    (optional)
+
+    @return result of the deserialization
+
+    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
+    @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+
+    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
+    from an iterator range.,parse__iteratortype__parser_callback_t}
+
+    @since version 2.0.3
+    */
+        template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_base_of<
+                        std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                        typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        static basic_json parse(IteratorType first, IteratorType last,
+                                const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr) {
+            // assertion to check that the iterator range is indeed contiguous,
+            // see http://stackoverflow.com/a/35008842/266378 for more discussion
+            assert(std::accumulate(first, last, std::pair<bool, int>(true, 0),
+                                   [&first](std::pair<bool, int> res, decltype(*first) val) {
+                                       res.first &= (val == *(std::next(std::addressof(*first), res.second++)));
+                                       return res;
+                                   }).first);
+
+            // assertion to check that each element is 1 byte long
+            static_assert(sizeof(typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::value_type) == 1,
+                          "each element in the iterator range must have the size of 1 byte");
+
+            // if iterator range is empty, create a parser with an empty string
+            // to generate "unexpected EOF" error message
+            if (std::distance(first, last) <= 0) {
+                return parser("").parse();
+            }
+
+            return parser(first, last, cb).parse();
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief deserialize from a container with contiguous storage
+
+    This function reads from a container with contiguous storage of 1-byte
+    values. Compatible container types include `std::vector`, `std::string`,
+    `std::array`, and `std::initializer_list`. User-defined containers can be
+    used as long as they implement random-access iterators and a contiguous
+    storage.
+
+    @pre The container storage is contiguous. Violating this precondition
+    yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced with an
+    assertion.**
+    @pre Each element of the container has a size of 1 byte. Violating this
+    precondition yields undefined behavior. **This precondition is enforced
+    with a static assertion.**
+
+    @warning There is no way to enforce all preconditions at compile-time. If
+             the function is called with a noncompliant container and with
+             assertions switched off, the behavior is undefined and will most
+             likely yield segmentation violation.
+
+    @tparam ContiguousContainer container type with contiguous storage
+    @param[in] c  container to read from
+    @param[in] cb  a parser callback function of type @ref parser_callback_t
+    which is used to control the deserialization by filtering unwanted values
+    (optional)
+
+    @return result of the deserialization
+
+    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+
+    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+    LL(1) parser. The complexity can be higher if the parser callback function
+    @a cb has a super-linear complexity.
+
+    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below demonstrates the `parse()` function reading
+    from a contiguous container.,parse__contiguouscontainer__parser_callback_t}
+
+    @since version 2.0.3
+    */
+        template<class ContiguousContainer, typename std::enable_if<
+                not std::is_pointer<ContiguousContainer>::value and
+                std::is_base_of<
+                        std::random_access_iterator_tag,
+                        typename std::iterator_traits<decltype(std::begin(
+                                std::declval<ContiguousContainer const>()))>::iterator_category>::value, int>::type = 0>
+        static basic_json parse(const ContiguousContainer &c,
+                                const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr) {
+            // delegate the call to the iterator-range parse overload
+            return parse(std::begin(c), std::end(c), cb);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief deserialize from stream
+
+    Deserializes an input stream to a JSON value.
+
+    @param[in,out] i  input stream to read a serialized JSON value from
+    @param[in,out] j  JSON value to write the deserialized input to
+
+    @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+    @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+    @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+    @throw parse_error.111 if input stream is in a bad state
+
+    @complexity Linear in the length of the input. The parser is a predictive
+    LL(1) parser.
+
+    @note A UTF-8 byte order mark is silently ignored.
+
+    @liveexample{The example below shows how a JSON value is constructed by
+    reading a serialization from a stream.,operator_deserialize}
+
+    @sa parse(std::istream&, const parser_callback_t) for a variant with a
+    parser callback function to filter values while parsing
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        friend std::istream &operator<<(basic_json &j, std::istream &i) {
+            j = parser(i).parse();
+            return i;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief deserialize from stream
+    @copydoc operator<<(basic_json&, std::istream&)
+    */
+        friend std::istream &operator>>(std::istream &i, basic_json &j) {
+            j = parser(i).parse();
+            return i;
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+        //////////////////////////////////////////
+        // binary serialization/deserialization //
+        //////////////////////////////////////////
+
+        /// @name binary serialization/deserialization support
+        /// @{
+
+    private:
+        /*!
+    @note Some code in the switch cases has been copied, because otherwise
+          copilers would complain about implicit fallthrough and there is no
+          portable attribute to mute such warnings.
+    */
+        template<typename T>
+        static void add_to_vector(std::vector<uint8_t> &vec, size_t bytes, const T number) {
+            assert(bytes == 1 or bytes == 2 or bytes == 4 or bytes == 8);
+
+            switch (bytes) {
+                case 8: {
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 070) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 060) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 050) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(number) >> 040) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 030) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 020) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 010) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case 4: {
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 030) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 020) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 010) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case 2: {
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>((number >> 010) & 0xff));
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case 1: {
+                    vec.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(number & 0xff));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief take sufficient bytes from a vector to fill an integer variable
+
+    In the context of binary serialization formats, we need to read several
+    bytes from a byte vector and combine them to multi-byte integral data
+    types.
+
+    @param[in] vec  byte vector to read from
+    @param[in] current_index  the position in the vector after which to read
+
+    @return the next sizeof(T) bytes from @a vec, in reverse order as T
+
+    @tparam T the integral return type
+
+    @throw parse_error.110 if there are less than sizeof(T)+1 bytes in the
+           vector @a vec to read
+
+    In the for loop, the bytes from the vector are copied in reverse order into
+    the return value. In the figures below, let sizeof(T)=4 and `i` be the loop
+    variable.
+
+    Precondition:
+
+    vec:   |   |   | a | b | c | d |      T: |   |   |   |   |
+                 ^               ^             ^                ^
+           current_index         i            ptr        sizeof(T)
+
+    Postcondition:
+
+    vec:   |   |   | a | b | c | d |      T: | d | c | b | a |
+                 ^   ^                                     ^
+                 |   i                                    ptr
+           current_index
+
+    @sa Code adapted from <http://stackoverflow.com/a/41031865/266378>.
+    */
+        template<typename T>
+        static T get_from_vector(const std::vector<uint8_t> &vec, const size_t current_index) {
+            // check if we can read sizeof(T) bytes starting the next index
+            check_length(vec.size(), sizeof(T), current_index + 1);
+
+            T result;
+            auto *ptr = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&result);
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(T); ++i) {
+                *ptr++ = vec[current_index + sizeof(T) - i];
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
+
+    This is a straightforward implementation of the MessagePack specification.
+
+    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+    @param[in,out] v  byte vector to write the serialization to
+
+    @sa https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md
+    */
+        static void to_msgpack_internal(const basic_json &j, std::vector<uint8_t> &v) {
+            switch (j.type()) {
+                case value_t::null: {
+                    // nil
+                    v.push_back(0xc0);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::boolean: {
+                    // true and false
+                    v.push_back(j.m_value.boolean ? 0xc3 : 0xc2);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_integer: {
+                    if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0) {
+                        // MessagePack does not differentiate between positive
+                        // signed integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we
+                        // used the code from the value_t::number_unsigned case
+                        // here.
+                        if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128) {
+                            // positive fixnum
+                            add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max)()) {
+                            // uint 8
+                            v.push_back(0xcc);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max)()) {
+                            // uint 16
+                            v.push_back(0xcd);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)()) {
+                            // uint 32
+                            v.push_back(0xce);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)()) {
+                            // uint 64
+                            v.push_back(0xcf);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -32) {
+                            // negative fixnum
+                            add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::min)() and
+                                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<int8_t>::max)()) {
+                            // int 8
+                            v.push_back(0xd0);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::min)() and
+                                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<int16_t>::max)()) {
+                            // int 16
+                            v.push_back(0xd1);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min)() and
+                                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max)()) {
+                            // int 32
+                            v.push_back(0xd2);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer >= (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)() and
+                                   j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)()) {
+                            // int 64
+                            v.push_back(0xd3);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                    if (j.m_value.number_unsigned < 128) {
+                        // positive fixnum
+                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max)()) {
+                        // uint 8
+                        v.push_back(0xcc);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max)()) {
+                        // uint 16
+                        v.push_back(0xcd);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)()) {
+                        // uint 32
+                        v.push_back(0xce);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)()) {
+                        // uint 64
+                        v.push_back(0xcf);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_float: {
+                    // float 64
+                    v.push_back(0xcb);
+                    const auto *helper = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(&(j.m_value.number_float));
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+                        v.push_back(helper[7 - i]);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
+                    if (N <= 31) {
+                        // fixstr
+                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0xa0 | N));
+                    } else if (N <= 255) {
+                        // str 8
+                        v.push_back(0xd9);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 1, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 65535) {
+                        // str 16
+                        v.push_back(0xda);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 4294967295) {
+                        // str 32
+                        v.push_back(0xdb);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
+                    }
+
+                    // append string
+                    std::copy(j.m_value.string->begin(), j.m_value.string->end(),
+                              std::back_inserter(v));
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
+                    if (N <= 15) {
+                        // fixarray
+                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x90 | N));
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffff) {
+                        // array 16
+                        v.push_back(0xdc);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffffffff) {
+                        // array 32
+                        v.push_back(0xdd);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
+                    }
+
+                    // append each element
+                    for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
+                        to_msgpack_internal(el, v);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
+                    if (N <= 15) {
+                        // fixmap
+                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (N & 0xf)));
+                    } else if (N <= 65535) {
+                        // map 16
+                        v.push_back(0xde);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 4294967295) {
+                        // map 32
+                        v.push_back(0xdf);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
+                    }
+
+                    // append each element
+                    for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
+                        to_msgpack_internal(el.first, v);
+                        to_msgpack_internal(el.second, v);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a CBOR serialization of a given JSON value
+
+    This is a straightforward implementation of the CBOR specification.
+
+    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+    @param[in,out] v  byte vector to write the serialization to
+
+    @sa https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049
+    */
+        static void to_cbor_internal(const basic_json &j, std::vector<uint8_t> &v) {
+            switch (j.type()) {
+                case value_t::null: {
+                    v.push_back(0xf6);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::boolean: {
+                    v.push_back(j.m_value.boolean ? 0xf5 : 0xf4);
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_integer: {
+                    if (j.m_value.number_integer >= 0) {
+                        // CBOR does not differentiate between positive signed
+                        // integers and unsigned integers. Therefore, we used the
+                        // code from the value_t::number_unsigned case here.
+                        if (j.m_value.number_integer <= 0x17) {
+                            add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max)()) {
+                            v.push_back(0x18);
+                            // one-byte uint8_t
+                            add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max)()) {
+                            v.push_back(0x19);
+                            // two-byte uint16_t
+                            add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else if (j.m_value.number_integer <= (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)()) {
+                            v.push_back(0x1a);
+                            // four-byte uint32_t
+                            add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        } else {
+                            v.push_back(0x1b);
+                            // eight-byte uint64_t
+                            add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_integer);
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // The conversions below encode the sign in the first
+                        // byte, and the value is converted to a positive number.
+                        const auto positive_number = -1 - j.m_value.number_integer;
+                        if (j.m_value.number_integer >= -24) {
+                            v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x20 + positive_number));
+                        } else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max)()) {
+                            // int 8
+                            v.push_back(0x38);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 1, positive_number);
+                        } else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max)()) {
+                            // int 16
+                            v.push_back(0x39);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 2, positive_number);
+                        } else if (positive_number <= (std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max)()) {
+                            // int 32
+                            v.push_back(0x3a);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 4, positive_number);
+                        } else {
+                            // int 64
+                            v.push_back(0x3b);
+                            add_to_vector(v, 8, positive_number);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_unsigned: {
+                    if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0x17) {
+                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(j.m_value.number_unsigned));
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x18);
+                        // one-byte uint8_t
+                        add_to_vector(v, 1, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x19);
+                        // two-byte uint16_t
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x1a);
+                        // four-byte uint32_t
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    } else if (j.m_value.number_unsigned <= 0xffffffffffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x1b);
+                        // eight-byte uint64_t
+                        add_to_vector(v, 8, j.m_value.number_unsigned);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::number_float: {
+                    // Double-Precision Float
+                    v.push_back(0xfb);
+                    const auto *helper = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(&(j.m_value.number_float));
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+                        v.push_back(helper[7 - i]);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::string: {
+                    const auto N = j.m_value.string->size();
+                    if (N <= 0x17) {
+                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x60 + N));  // 1 byte for string + size
+                    } else if (N <= 0xff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x78);  // one-byte uint8_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 1, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x79);  // two-byte uint16_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x7a); // four-byte uint32_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
+                    }
+                        // LCOV_EXCL_START
+                    else if (N <= 0xffffffffffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x7b);  // eight-byte uint64_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 8, N);
+                    }
+                    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+                    // append string
+                    std::copy(j.m_value.string->begin(), j.m_value.string->end(),
+                              std::back_inserter(v));
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::array: {
+                    const auto N = j.m_value.array->size();
+                    if (N <= 0x17) {
+                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 + N));  // 1 byte for array + size
+                    } else if (N <= 0xff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x98);  // one-byte uint8_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 1, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x99);  // two-byte uint16_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, N);
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x9a);  // four-byte uint32_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, N);
+                    }
+                        // LCOV_EXCL_START
+                    else if (N <= 0xffffffffffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0x9b);  // eight-byte uint64_t for N
+                        add_to_vector(v, 8, N);
+                    }
+                    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+                    // append each element
+                    for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.array) {
+                        to_cbor_internal(el, v);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                case value_t::object: {
+                    const auto N = j.m_value.object->size();
+                    if (N <= 0x17) {
+                        v.push_back(static_cast<uint8_t>(0xa0 + N));  // 1 byte for object + size
+                    } else if (N <= 0xff) {
+                        v.push_back(0xb8);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 1, N);  // one-byte uint8_t for N
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0xb9);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 2, N);  // two-byte uint16_t for N
+                    } else if (N <= 0xffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0xba);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 4, N);  // four-byte uint32_t for N
+                    }
+                        // LCOV_EXCL_START
+                    else if (N <= 0xffffffffffffffff) {
+                        v.push_back(0xbb);
+                        add_to_vector(v, 8, N);  // eight-byte uint64_t for N
+                    }
+                    // LCOV_EXCL_STOP
+
+                    // append each element
+                    for (const auto &el : *j.m_value.object) {
+                        to_cbor_internal(el.first, v);
+                        to_cbor_internal(el.second, v);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                default: {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        /*
+    @brief checks if given lengths do not exceed the size of a given vector
+
+    To secure the access to the byte vector during CBOR/MessagePack
+    deserialization, bytes are copied from the vector into buffers. This
+    function checks if the number of bytes to copy (@a len) does not exceed
+    the size @s size of the vector. Additionally, an @a offset is given from
+    where to start reading the bytes.
+
+    This function checks whether reading the bytes is safe; that is, offset is
+    a valid index in the vector, offset+len
+
+    @param[in] size    size of the byte vector
+    @param[in] len     number of bytes to read
+    @param[in] offset  offset where to start reading
+
+    vec:  x x x x x X X X X X
+          ^         ^         ^
+          0         offset    len
+
+    @throws out_of_range if `len > v.size()`
+    */
+        static void check_length(const size_t size, const size_t len, const size_t offset) {
+            // simple case: requested length is greater than the vector's length
+            if (len > size or offset > size) {
+                JSON_THROW(parse_error(110, offset + 1, "cannot read " + std::to_string(len) + " bytes from vector"));
+            }
+
+            // second case: adding offset would result in overflow
+            if ((size > ((std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max)() - offset))) {
+                JSON_THROW(parse_error(110, offset + 1, "cannot read " + std::to_string(len) + " bytes from vector"));
+            }
+
+            // last case: reading past the end of the vector
+            if (len + offset > size) {
+                JSON_THROW(parse_error(110, offset + 1, "cannot read " + std::to_string(len) + " bytes from vector"));
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief check if the next byte belongs to a string
+
+    While parsing a map, the keys must be strings. This function checks if the
+    current byte is one of the start bytes for a string in MessagePack:
+
+    - 0xa0 - 0xbf: fixstr
+    - 0xd9: str 8
+    - 0xda: str 16
+    - 0xdb: str 32
+
+    @param[in] v  MessagePack serialization
+    @param[in] idx  byte index in @a v to check for a string
+
+    @throw parse_error.113 if `v[idx]` does not belong to a string
+    */
+        static void msgpack_expect_string(const std::vector<uint8_t> &v, size_t idx) {
+            check_length(v.size(), 1, idx);
+
+            const auto byte = v[idx];
+            if ((byte >= 0xa0 and byte <= 0xbf) or (byte >= 0xd9 and byte <= 0xdb)) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            ss << std::hex << static_cast<int>(v[idx]);
+            JSON_THROW(parse_error(113, idx + 1, "expected a MessagePack string; last byte: 0x" + ss.str()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief check if the next byte belongs to a string
+
+    While parsing a map, the keys must be strings. This function checks if the
+    current byte is one of the start bytes for a string in CBOR:
+
+    - 0x60 - 0x77: fixed length
+    - 0x78 - 0x7b: variable length
+    - 0x7f: indefinity length
+
+    @param[in] v  CBOR serialization
+    @param[in] idx  byte index in @a v to check for a string
+
+    @throw parse_error.113 if `v[idx]` does not belong to a string
+    */
+        static void cbor_expect_string(const std::vector<uint8_t> &v, size_t idx) {
+            check_length(v.size(), 1, idx);
+
+            const auto byte = v[idx];
+            if ((byte >= 0x60 and byte <= 0x7b) or byte == 0x7f) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            std::stringstream ss;
+            ss << std::hex << static_cast<int>(v[idx]);
+            JSON_THROW(parse_error(113, idx + 1, "expected a CBOR string; last byte: 0x" + ss.str()));
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a JSON value from a given MessagePack vector
+
+    @param[in] v  MessagePack serialization
+    @param[in] idx  byte index to start reading from @a v
+
+    @return deserialized JSON value
+
+    @throw parse_error.110 if the given vector ends prematurely
+    @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from MessagePack were
+    used in the given vector @a v or if the input is not valid MessagePack
+    @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
+
+    @sa https://github.com/msgpack/msgpack/blob/master/spec.md
+    */
+        static basic_json from_msgpack_internal(const std::vector<uint8_t> &v, size_t &idx) {
+            // store and increment index
+            const size_t current_idx = idx++;
+
+            // make sure reading 1 byte is safe
+            check_length(v.size(), 1, current_idx);
+
+            if (v[current_idx] <= 0xbf) {
+                if (v[current_idx] <= 0x7f) // positive fixint
+                {
+                    return v[current_idx];
+                }
+                if (v[current_idx] <= 0x8f) // fixmap
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                    const size_t len = v[current_idx] & 0x0f;
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        msgpack_expect_string(v, idx);
+                        std::string key = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
+                        result[key] = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                } else if (v[current_idx] <= 0x9f) // fixarray
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                    const size_t len = v[current_idx] & 0x0f;
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        result.push_back(from_msgpack_internal(v, idx));
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                } else // fixstr
+                {
+                    const size_t len = v[current_idx] & 0x1f;
+                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 1;
+                    idx += len; // skip content bytes
+                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                }
+            } else if (v[current_idx] >= 0xe0) // negative fixint
+            {
+                return static_cast<int8_t>(v[current_idx]);
+            } else {
+                switch (v[current_idx]) {
+                    case 0xc0: // nil
+                    {
+                        return value_t::null;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xc2: // false
+                    {
+                        return false;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xc3: // true
+                    {
+                        return true;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xca: // float 32
+                    {
+                        // copy bytes in reverse order into the double variable
+                        float res;
+                        check_length(v.size(), sizeof(float), current_idx + 1);
+                        for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(float); ++byte) {
+                            reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&res)[sizeof(float) - byte - 1] = v[current_idx + 1 + byte];
+                        }
+                        idx += sizeof(float); // skip content bytes
+                        return res;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xcb: // float 64
+                    {
+                        // copy bytes in reverse order into the double variable
+                        double res;
+                        check_length(v.size(), sizeof(double), current_idx + 1);
+                        for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(double); ++byte) {
+                            reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&res)[sizeof(double) - byte - 1] = v[current_idx + 1 + byte];
+                        }
+                        idx += sizeof(double); // skip content bytes
+                        return res;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xcc: // uint 8
+                    {
+                        idx += 1; // skip content byte
+                        return get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xcd: // uint 16
+                    {
+                        idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
+                        return get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xce: // uint 32
+                    {
+                        idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
+                        return get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xcf: // uint 64
+                    {
+                        idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
+                        return get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xd0: // int 8
+                    {
+                        idx += 1; // skip content byte
+                        return get_from_vector<int8_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xd1: // int 16
+                    {
+                        idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
+                        return get_from_vector<int16_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xd2: // int 32
+                    {
+                        idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
+                        return get_from_vector<int32_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xd3: // int 64
+                    {
+                        idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
+                        return get_from_vector<int64_t>(v, current_idx);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xd9: // str 8
+                    {
+                        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
+                        const size_t offset = current_idx + 2;
+                        idx += len + 1; // skip size byte + content bytes
+                        check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                        return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xda: // str 16
+                    {
+                        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
+                        const size_t offset = current_idx + 3;
+                        idx += len + 2; // skip 2 size bytes + content bytes
+                        check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                        return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xdb: // str 32
+                    {
+                        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
+                        const size_t offset = current_idx + 5;
+                        idx += len + 4; // skip 4 size bytes + content bytes
+                        check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                        return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xdc: // array 16
+                    {
+                        basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
+                        idx += 2; // skip 2 size bytes
+                        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                            result.push_back(from_msgpack_internal(v, idx));
+                        }
+                        return result;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xdd: // array 32
+                    {
+                        basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
+                        idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
+                        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                            result.push_back(from_msgpack_internal(v, idx));
+                        }
+                        return result;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xde: // map 16
+                    {
+                        basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
+                        idx += 2; // skip 2 size bytes
+                        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                            msgpack_expect_string(v, idx);
+                            std::string key = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
+                            result[key] = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
+                        }
+                        return result;
+                    }
+
+                    case 0xdf: // map 32
+                    {
+                        basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                        const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
+                        idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
+                        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                            msgpack_expect_string(v, idx);
+                            std::string key = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
+                            result[key] = from_msgpack_internal(v, idx);
+                        }
+                        return result;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        std::stringstream ss;
+                        ss << std::hex << static_cast<int>(v[current_idx]);
+                        JSON_THROW(parse_error(112, current_idx + 1,
+                                               "error reading MessagePack; last byte: 0x" + ss.str()));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a JSON value from a given CBOR vector
+
+    @param[in] v  CBOR serialization
+    @param[in] idx  byte index to start reading from @a v
+
+    @return deserialized JSON value
+
+    @throw parse_error.110 if the given vector ends prematurely
+    @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from CBOR were
+    used in the given vector @a v or if the input is not valid CBOR
+    @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
+
+    @sa https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7049
+    */
+        static basic_json from_cbor_internal(const std::vector<uint8_t> &v, size_t &idx) {
+            // store and increment index
+            const size_t current_idx = idx++;
+
+            // make sure reading 1 byte is safe
+            check_length(v.size(), 1, current_idx);
+
+            switch (v[current_idx]) {
+                // Integer 0x00..0x17 (0..23)
+                case 0x00:
+                case 0x01:
+                case 0x02:
+                case 0x03:
+                case 0x04:
+                case 0x05:
+                case 0x06:
+                case 0x07:
+                case 0x08:
+                case 0x09:
+                case 0x0a:
+                case 0x0b:
+                case 0x0c:
+                case 0x0d:
+                case 0x0e:
+                case 0x0f:
+                case 0x10:
+                case 0x11:
+                case 0x12:
+                case 0x13:
+                case 0x14:
+                case 0x15:
+                case 0x16:
+                case 0x17: {
+                    return v[current_idx];
+                }
+
+                case 0x18: // Unsigned integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 1; // skip content byte
+                    return get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx);
+                }
+
+                case 0x19: // Unsigned integer (two-byte uint16_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
+                    return get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx);
+                }
+
+                case 0x1a: // Unsigned integer (four-byte uint32_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
+                    return get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx);
+                }
+
+                case 0x1b: // Unsigned integer (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
+                    return get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx);
+                }
+
+                    // Negative integer -1-0x00..-1-0x17 (-1..-24)
+                case 0x20:
+                case 0x21:
+                case 0x22:
+                case 0x23:
+                case 0x24:
+                case 0x25:
+                case 0x26:
+                case 0x27:
+                case 0x28:
+                case 0x29:
+                case 0x2a:
+                case 0x2b:
+                case 0x2c:
+                case 0x2d:
+                case 0x2e:
+                case 0x2f:
+                case 0x30:
+                case 0x31:
+                case 0x32:
+                case 0x33:
+                case 0x34:
+                case 0x35:
+                case 0x36:
+                case 0x37: {
+                    return static_cast<int8_t>(0x20 - 1 - v[current_idx]);
+                }
+
+                case 0x38: // Negative integer (one-byte uint8_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 1; // skip content byte
+                    // must be uint8_t !
+                    return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx);
+                }
+
+                case 0x39: // Negative integer -1-n (two-byte uint16_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 2; // skip 2 content bytes
+                    return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx);
+                }
+
+                case 0x3a: // Negative integer -1-n (four-byte uint32_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 4; // skip 4 content bytes
+                    return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) - get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx);
+                }
+
+                case 0x3b: // Negative integer -1-n (eight-byte uint64_t follows)
+                {
+                    idx += 8; // skip 8 content bytes
+                    return static_cast<number_integer_t>(-1) -
+                           static_cast<number_integer_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
+                }
+
+                    // UTF-8 string (0x00..0x17 bytes follow)
+                case 0x60:
+                case 0x61:
+                case 0x62:
+                case 0x63:
+                case 0x64:
+                case 0x65:
+                case 0x66:
+                case 0x67:
+                case 0x68:
+                case 0x69:
+                case 0x6a:
+                case 0x6b:
+                case 0x6c:
+                case 0x6d:
+                case 0x6e:
+                case 0x6f:
+                case 0x70:
+                case 0x71:
+                case 0x72:
+                case 0x73:
+                case 0x74:
+                case 0x75:
+                case 0x76:
+                case 0x77: {
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(v[current_idx] - 0x60);
+                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 1;
+                    idx += len; // skip content bytes
+                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                }
+
+                case 0x78: // UTF-8 string (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
+                {
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 2;
+                    idx += len + 1; // skip size byte + content bytes
+                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                }
+
+                case 0x79: // UTF-8 string (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 3;
+                    idx += len + 2; // skip 2 size bytes + content bytes
+                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                }
+
+                case 0x7a: // UTF-8 string (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 5;
+                    idx += len + 4; // skip 4 size bytes + content bytes
+                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                }
+
+                case 0x7b: // UTF-8 string (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    const size_t offset = current_idx + 9;
+                    idx += len + 8; // skip 8 size bytes + content bytes
+                    check_length(v.size(), len, offset);
+                    return std::string(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(v.data()) + offset, len);
+                }
+
+                case 0x7f: // UTF-8 string (indefinite length)
+                {
+                    std::string result;
+                    while (check_length(v.size(), 1, idx), v[idx] != 0xff) {
+                        string_t s = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                        result += s;
+                    }
+                    // skip break byte (0xFF)
+                    idx += 1;
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                    // array (0x00..0x17 data items follow)
+                case 0x80:
+                case 0x81:
+                case 0x82:
+                case 0x83:
+                case 0x84:
+                case 0x85:
+                case 0x86:
+                case 0x87:
+                case 0x88:
+                case 0x89:
+                case 0x8a:
+                case 0x8b:
+                case 0x8c:
+                case 0x8d:
+                case 0x8e:
+                case 0x8f:
+                case 0x90:
+                case 0x91:
+                case 0x92:
+                case 0x93:
+                case 0x94:
+                case 0x95:
+                case 0x96:
+                case 0x97: {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(v[current_idx] - 0x80);
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0x98: // array (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 1; // skip 1 size byte
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0x99: // array (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 2; // skip 4 size bytes
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0x9a: // array (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0x9b: // array (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 8; // skip 8 size bytes
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0x9f: // array (indefinite length)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::array;
+                    while (check_length(v.size(), 1, idx), v[idx] != 0xff) {
+                        result.push_back(from_cbor_internal(v, idx));
+                    }
+                    // skip break byte (0xFF)
+                    idx += 1;
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                    // map (0x00..0x17 pairs of data items follow)
+                case 0xa0:
+                case 0xa1:
+                case 0xa2:
+                case 0xa3:
+                case 0xa4:
+                case 0xa5:
+                case 0xa6:
+                case 0xa7:
+                case 0xa8:
+                case 0xa9:
+                case 0xaa:
+                case 0xab:
+                case 0xac:
+                case 0xad:
+                case 0xae:
+                case 0xaf:
+                case 0xb0:
+                case 0xb1:
+                case 0xb2:
+                case 0xb3:
+                case 0xb4:
+                case 0xb5:
+                case 0xb6:
+                case 0xb7: {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(v[current_idx] - 0xa0);
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        cbor_expect_string(v, idx);
+                        std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                        result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0xb8: // map (one-byte uint8_t for n follows)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint8_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 1; // skip 1 size byte
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        cbor_expect_string(v, idx);
+                        std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                        result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0xb9: // map (two-byte uint16_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint16_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 2; // skip 2 size bytes
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        cbor_expect_string(v, idx);
+                        std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                        result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0xba: // map (four-byte uint32_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint32_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 4; // skip 4 size bytes
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        cbor_expect_string(v, idx);
+                        std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                        result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0xbb: // map (eight-byte uint64_t for n follow)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                    const auto len = static_cast<size_t>(get_from_vector<uint64_t>(v, current_idx));
+                    idx += 8; // skip 8 size bytes
+                    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+                        cbor_expect_string(v, idx);
+                        std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                        result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                    }
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0xbf: // map (indefinite length)
+                {
+                    basic_json result = value_t::object;
+                    while (check_length(v.size(), 1, idx), v[idx] != 0xff) {
+                        cbor_expect_string(v, idx);
+                        std::string key = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                        result[key] = from_cbor_internal(v, idx);
+                    }
+                    // skip break byte (0xFF)
+                    idx += 1;
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                case 0xf4: // false
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+
+                case 0xf5: // true
+                {
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                case 0xf6: // null
+                {
+                    return value_t::null;
+                }
+
+                case 0xf9: // Half-Precision Float (two-byte IEEE 754)
+                {
+                    idx += 2; // skip two content bytes
+
+                    // code from RFC 7049, Appendix D, Figure 3:
+                    // As half-precision floating-point numbers were only added to
+                    // IEEE 754 in 2008, today's programming platforms often still
+                    // only have limited support for them. It is very easy to
+                    // include at least decoding support for them even without such
+                    // support. An example of a small decoder for half-precision
+                    // floating-point numbers in the C language is shown in Fig. 3.
+                    check_length(v.size(), 2, current_idx + 1);
+                    const int half = (v[current_idx + 1] << 8) + v[current_idx + 2];
+                    const int exp = (half >> 10) & 0x1f;
+                    const int mant = half & 0x3ff;
+                    double val;
+                    if (exp == 0) {
+                        val = std::ldexp(mant, -24);
+                    } else if (exp != 31) {
+                        val = std::ldexp(mant + 1024, exp - 25);
+                    } else {
+                        val = mant == 0
+                              ? std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()
+                              : std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+                    }
+                    return (half & 0x8000) != 0 ? -val : val;
+                }
+
+                case 0xfa: // Single-Precision Float (four-byte IEEE 754)
+                {
+                    // copy bytes in reverse order into the float variable
+                    float res;
+                    check_length(v.size(), sizeof(float), current_idx + 1);
+                    for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(float); ++byte) {
+                        reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&res)[sizeof(float) - byte - 1] = v[current_idx + 1 + byte];
+                    }
+                    idx += sizeof(float); // skip content bytes
+                    return res;
+                }
+
+                case 0xfb: // Double-Precision Float (eight-byte IEEE 754)
+                {
+                    // copy bytes in reverse order into the double variable
+                    double res;
+                    check_length(v.size(), sizeof(double), current_idx + 1);
+                    for (size_t byte = 0; byte < sizeof(double); ++byte) {
+                        reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(&res)[sizeof(double) - byte - 1] = v[current_idx + 1 + byte];
+                    }
+                    idx += sizeof(double); // skip content bytes
+                    return res;
+                }
+
+                default: // anything else (0xFF is handled inside the other types)
+                {
+                    std::stringstream ss;
+                    ss << std::hex << static_cast<int>(v[current_idx]);
+                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(112, current_idx + 1, "error reading CBOR; last byte: 0x" + ss.str()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    public:
+        /*!
+    @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
+
+    Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the MessagePack
+    serialization format. MessagePack is a binary serialization format which
+    aims to be more compact than JSON itself, yet more efficient to parse.
+
+    The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
+    MessagePack types according to the MessagePack specification:
+
+    JSON value type | value/range                       | MessagePack type | first byte
+    --------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------- | ----------
+    null            | `null`                            | nil              | 0xc0
+    boolean         | `true`                            | true             | 0xc3
+    boolean         | `false`                           | false            | 0xc2
+    number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649 | int64            | 0xd3
+    number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769               | int32            | 0xd2
+    number_integer  | -32768..-129                      | int16            | 0xd1
+    number_integer  | -128..-33                         | int8             | 0xd0
+    number_integer  | -32..-1                           | negative fixint  | 0xe0..0xff
+    number_integer  | 0..127                            | positive fixint  | 0x00..0x7f
+    number_integer  | 128..255                          | uint 8           | 0xcc
+    number_integer  | 256..65535                        | uint 16          | 0xcd
+    number_integer  | 65536..4294967295                 | uint 32          | 0xce
+    number_integer  | 4294967296..18446744073709551615  | uint 64          | 0xcf
+    number_unsigned | 0..127                            | positive fixint  | 0x00..0x7f
+    number_unsigned | 128..255                          | uint 8           | 0xcc
+    number_unsigned | 256..65535                        | uint 16          | 0xcd
+    number_unsigned | 65536..4294967295                 | uint 32          | 0xce
+    number_unsigned | 4294967296..18446744073709551615  | uint 64          | 0xcf
+    number_float    | *any value*                       | float 64         | 0xcb
+    string          | *length*: 0..31                   | fixstr           | 0xa0..0xbf
+    string          | *length*: 32..255                 | str 8            | 0xd9
+    string          | *length*: 256..65535              | str 16           | 0xda
+    string          | *length*: 65536..4294967295       | str 32           | 0xdb
+    array           | *size*: 0..15                     | fixarray         | 0x90..0x9f
+    array           | *size*: 16..65535                 | array 16         | 0xdc
+    array           | *size*: 65536..4294967295         | array 32         | 0xdd
+    object          | *size*: 0..15                     | fix map          | 0x80..0x8f
+    object          | *size*: 16..65535                 | map 16           | 0xde
+    object          | *size*: 65536..4294967295         | map 32           | 0xdf
+
+    @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
+          can be converted to a MessagePack value.
+
+    @note The following values can **not** be converted to a MessagePack value:
+          - strings with more than 4294967295 bytes
+          - arrays with more than 4294967295 elements
+          - objects with more than 4294967295 elements
+
+    @note The following MessagePack types are not used in the conversion:
+          - bin 8 - bin 32 (0xc4..0xc6)
+          - ext 8 - ext 32 (0xc7..0xc9)
+          - float 32 (0xca)
+          - fixext 1 - fixext 16 (0xd4..0xd8)
+
+    @note Any MessagePack output created @ref to_msgpack can be successfully
+          parsed by @ref from_msgpack.
+
+    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+    @return MessagePack serialization as byte vector
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
+    vector in MessagePack format.,to_msgpack}
+
+    @sa http://msgpack.org
+    @sa @ref from_msgpack(const std::vector<uint8_t>&, const size_t) for the
+        analogous deserialization
+    @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json& for the related CBOR format
+
+    @since version 2.0.9
+    */
+        static std::vector<uint8_t> to_msgpack(const basic_json &j) {
+            std::vector<uint8_t> result;
+            to_msgpack_internal(j, result);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a JSON value from a byte vector in MessagePack format
+
+    Deserializes a given byte vector @a v to a JSON value using the MessagePack
+    serialization format.
+
+    The library maps MessagePack types to JSON value types as follows:
+
+    MessagePack type | JSON value type | first byte
+    ---------------- | --------------- | ----------
+    positive fixint  | number_unsigned | 0x00..0x7f
+    fixmap           | object          | 0x80..0x8f
+    fixarray         | array           | 0x90..0x9f
+    fixstr           | string          | 0xa0..0xbf
+    nil              | `null`          | 0xc0
+    false            | `false`         | 0xc2
+    true             | `true`          | 0xc3
+    float 32         | number_float    | 0xca
+    float 64         | number_float    | 0xcb
+    uint 8           | number_unsigned | 0xcc
+    uint 16          | number_unsigned | 0xcd
+    uint 32          | number_unsigned | 0xce
+    uint 64          | number_unsigned | 0xcf
+    int 8            | number_integer  | 0xd0
+    int 16           | number_integer  | 0xd1
+    int 32           | number_integer  | 0xd2
+    int 64           | number_integer  | 0xd3
+    str 8            | string          | 0xd9
+    str 16           | string          | 0xda
+    str 32           | string          | 0xdb
+    array 16         | array           | 0xdc
+    array 32         | array           | 0xdd
+    map 16           | object          | 0xde
+    map 32           | object          | 0xdf
+    negative fixint  | number_integer  | 0xe0-0xff
+
+    @warning The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all
+             MessagePack types can be converted to a JSON value. The following
+             MessagePack types are not supported and will yield parse errors:
+              - bin 8 - bin 32 (0xc4..0xc6)
+              - ext 8 - ext 32 (0xc7..0xc9)
+              - fixext 1 - fixext 16 (0xd4..0xd8)
+
+    @note Any MessagePack output created @ref to_msgpack can be successfully
+          parsed by @ref from_msgpack.
+
+    @param[in] v  a byte vector in MessagePack format
+    @param[in] start_index the index to start reading from @a v (0 by default)
+    @return deserialized JSON value
+
+    @throw parse_error.110 if the given vector ends prematurely
+    @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from MessagePack were
+    used in the given vector @a v or if the input is not valid MessagePack
+    @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the byte vector @a v.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in
+    MessagePack format to a JSON value.,from_msgpack}
+
+    @sa http://msgpack.org
+    @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
+    @sa @ref from_cbor(const std::vector<uint8_t>&, const size_t) for the
+        related CBOR format
+
+    @since version 2.0.9, parameter @a start_index since 2.1.1
+    */
+        static basic_json from_msgpack(const std::vector<uint8_t> &v,
+                                       const size_t start_index = 0) {
+            size_t i = start_index;
+            return from_msgpack_internal(v, i);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a MessagePack serialization of a given JSON value
+
+    Serializes a given JSON value @a j to a byte vector using the CBOR (Concise
+    Binary Object Representation) serialization format. CBOR is a binary
+    serialization format which aims to be more compact than JSON itself, yet
+    more efficient to parse.
+
+    The library uses the following mapping from JSON values types to
+    CBOR types according to the CBOR specification (RFC 7049):
+
+    JSON value type | value/range                                | CBOR type                          | first byte
+    --------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------- | ---------------
+    null            | `null`                                     | Null                               | 0xf6
+    boolean         | `true`                                     | True                               | 0xf5
+    boolean         | `false`                                    | False                              | 0xf4
+    number_integer  | -9223372036854775808..-2147483649          | Negative integer (8 bytes follow)  | 0x3b
+    number_integer  | -2147483648..-32769                        | Negative integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x3a
+    number_integer  | -32768..-129                               | Negative integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x39
+    number_integer  | -128..-25                                  | Negative integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x38
+    number_integer  | -24..-1                                    | Negative integer                   | 0x20..0x37
+    number_integer  | 0..23                                      | Integer                            | 0x00..0x17
+    number_integer  | 24..255                                    | Unsigned integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x18
+    number_integer  | 256..65535                                 | Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x19
+    number_integer  | 65536..4294967295                          | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x1a
+    number_integer  | 4294967296..18446744073709551615           | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow)  | 0x1b
+    number_unsigned | 0..23                                      | Integer                            | 0x00..0x17
+    number_unsigned | 24..255                                    | Unsigned integer (1 byte follow)   | 0x18
+    number_unsigned | 256..65535                                 | Unsigned integer (2 bytes follow)  | 0x19
+    number_unsigned | 65536..4294967295                          | Unsigned integer (4 bytes follow)  | 0x1a
+    number_unsigned | 4294967296..18446744073709551615           | Unsigned integer (8 bytes follow)  | 0x1b
+    number_float    | *any value*                                | Double-Precision Float             | 0xfb
+    string          | *length*: 0..23                            | UTF-8 string                       | 0x60..0x77
+    string          | *length*: 23..255                          | UTF-8 string (1 byte follow)       | 0x78
+    string          | *length*: 256..65535                       | UTF-8 string (2 bytes follow)      | 0x79
+    string          | *length*: 65536..4294967295                | UTF-8 string (4 bytes follow)      | 0x7a
+    string          | *length*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615 | UTF-8 string (8 bytes follow)      | 0x7b
+    array           | *size*: 0..23                              | array                              | 0x80..0x97
+    array           | *size*: 23..255                            | array (1 byte follow)              | 0x98
+    array           | *size*: 256..65535                         | array (2 bytes follow)             | 0x99
+    array           | *size*: 65536..4294967295                  | array (4 bytes follow)             | 0x9a
+    array           | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | array (8 bytes follow)             | 0x9b
+    object          | *size*: 0..23                              | map                                | 0xa0..0xb7
+    object          | *size*: 23..255                            | map (1 byte follow)                | 0xb8
+    object          | *size*: 256..65535                         | map (2 bytes follow)               | 0xb9
+    object          | *size*: 65536..4294967295                  | map (4 bytes follow)               | 0xba
+    object          | *size*: 4294967296..18446744073709551615   | map (8 bytes follow)               | 0xbb
+
+    @note The mapping is **complete** in the sense that any JSON value type
+          can be converted to a CBOR value.
+
+    @note The following CBOR types are not used in the conversion:
+          - byte strings (0x40..0x5f)
+          - UTF-8 strings terminated by "break" (0x7f)
+          - arrays terminated by "break" (0x9f)
+          - maps terminated by "break" (0xbf)
+          - date/time (0xc0..0xc1)
+          - bignum (0xc2..0xc3)
+          - decimal fraction (0xc4)
+          - bigfloat (0xc5)
+          - tagged items (0xc6..0xd4, 0xd8..0xdb)
+          - expected conversions (0xd5..0xd7)
+          - simple values (0xe0..0xf3, 0xf8)
+          - undefined (0xf7)
+          - half and single-precision floats (0xf9-0xfa)
+          - break (0xff)
+
+    @param[in] j  JSON value to serialize
+    @return MessagePack serialization as byte vector
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value @a j.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the serialization of a JSON value to a byte
+    vector in CBOR format.,to_cbor}
+
+    @sa http://cbor.io
+    @sa @ref from_cbor(const std::vector<uint8_t>&, const size_t) for the
+        analogous deserialization
+    @sa @ref to_msgpack(const basic_json& for the related MessagePack format
+
+    @since version 2.0.9
+    */
+        static std::vector<uint8_t> to_cbor(const basic_json &j) {
+            std::vector<uint8_t> result;
+            to_cbor_internal(j, result);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief create a JSON value from a byte vector in CBOR format
+
+    Deserializes a given byte vector @a v to a JSON value using the CBOR
+    (Concise Binary Object Representation) serialization format.
+
+    The library maps CBOR types to JSON value types as follows:
+
+    CBOR type              | JSON value type | first byte
+    ---------------------- | --------------- | ----------
+    Integer                | number_unsigned | 0x00..0x17
+    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x18
+    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x19
+    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x1a
+    Unsigned integer       | number_unsigned | 0x1b
+    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x20..0x37
+    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x38
+    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x39
+    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x3a
+    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x3b
+    Negative integer       | number_integer  | 0x40..0x57
+    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x60..0x77
+    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x78
+    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x79
+    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7a
+    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7b
+    UTF-8 string           | string          | 0x7f
+    array                  | array           | 0x80..0x97
+    array                  | array           | 0x98
+    array                  | array           | 0x99
+    array                  | array           | 0x9a
+    array                  | array           | 0x9b
+    array                  | array           | 0x9f
+    map                    | object          | 0xa0..0xb7
+    map                    | object          | 0xb8
+    map                    | object          | 0xb9
+    map                    | object          | 0xba
+    map                    | object          | 0xbb
+    map                    | object          | 0xbf
+    False                  | `false`         | 0xf4
+    True                   | `true`          | 0xf5
+    Nill                   | `null`          | 0xf6
+    Half-Precision Float   | number_float    | 0xf9
+    Single-Precision Float | number_float    | 0xfa
+    Double-Precision Float | number_float    | 0xfb
+
+    @warning The mapping is **incomplete** in the sense that not all CBOR
+             types can be converted to a JSON value. The following CBOR types
+             are not supported and will yield parse errors (parse_error.112):
+             - byte strings (0x40..0x5f)
+             - date/time (0xc0..0xc1)
+             - bignum (0xc2..0xc3)
+             - decimal fraction (0xc4)
+             - bigfloat (0xc5)
+             - tagged items (0xc6..0xd4, 0xd8..0xdb)
+             - expected conversions (0xd5..0xd7)
+             - simple values (0xe0..0xf3, 0xf8)
+             - undefined (0xf7)
+
+    @warning CBOR allows map keys of any type, whereas JSON only allows
+             strings as keys in object values. Therefore, CBOR maps with keys
+             other than UTF-8 strings are rejected (parse_error.113).
+
+    @note Any CBOR output created @ref to_cbor can be successfully parsed by
+          @ref from_cbor.
+
+    @param[in] v  a byte vector in CBOR format
+    @param[in] start_index the index to start reading from @a v (0 by default)
+    @return deserialized JSON value
+
+    @throw parse_error.110 if the given vector ends prematurely
+    @throw parse_error.112 if unsupported features from CBOR were
+    used in the given vector @a v or if the input is not valid CBOR
+    @throw parse_error.113 if a string was expected as map key, but not found
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the byte vector @a v.
+
+    @liveexample{The example shows the deserialization of a byte vector in CBOR
+    format to a JSON value.,from_cbor}
+
+    @sa http://cbor.io
+    @sa @ref to_cbor(const basic_json&) for the analogous serialization
+    @sa @ref from_msgpack(const std::vector<uint8_t>&, const size_t) for the
+        related MessagePack format
+
+    @since version 2.0.9, parameter @a start_index since 2.1.1
+    */
+        static basic_json from_cbor(const std::vector<uint8_t> &v,
+                                    const size_t start_index = 0) {
+            size_t i = start_index;
+            return from_cbor_internal(v, i);
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+        ///////////////////////////
+        // convenience functions //
+        ///////////////////////////
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return the type as string
+
+    Returns the type name as string to be used in error messages - usually to
+    indicate that a function was called on a wrong JSON type.
+
+    @return basically a string representation of a the @a m_type member
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code exemplifies `type_name()` for all JSON
+    types.,type_name}
+
+    @since version 1.0.0, public since 2.1.0
+    */
+        std::string type_name() const {
+            {
+                switch (m_type) {
+                    case value_t::null:
+                        return "null";
+                    case value_t::object:
+                        return "object";
+                    case value_t::array:
+                        return "array";
+                    case value_t::string:
+                        return "string";
+                    case value_t::boolean:
+                        return "boolean";
+                    case value_t::discarded:
+                        return "discarded";
+                    default:
+                        return "number";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
+    private:
+        //////////////////////
+        // member variables //
+        //////////////////////
+
+        /// the type of the current element
+        value_t m_type = value_t::null;
+
+        /// the value of the current element
+        json_value m_value = {};
+
+
+    private:
+        ///////////////
+        // iterators //
+        ///////////////
+
+        /*!
+    @brief an iterator for primitive JSON types
+
+    This class models an iterator for primitive JSON types (boolean, number,
+    string). It's only purpose is to allow the iterator/const_iterator classes
+    to "iterate" over primitive values. Internally, the iterator is modeled by
+    a `difference_type` variable. Value begin_value (`0`) models the begin,
+    end_value (`1`) models past the end.
+    */
+        class primitive_iterator_t {
+        public:
+
+            difference_type get_value() const noexcept {
+                return m_it;
+            }
+
+            /// set iterator to a defined beginning
+            void set_begin() noexcept {
+                m_it = begin_value;
+            }
+
+            /// set iterator to a defined past the end
+            void set_end() noexcept {
+                m_it = end_value;
+            }
+
+            /// return whether the iterator can be dereferenced
+            constexpr bool is_begin() const noexcept {
+                return (m_it == begin_value);
+            }
+
+            /// return whether the iterator is at end
+            constexpr bool is_end() const noexcept {
+                return (m_it == end_value);
+            }
+
+            friend constexpr bool operator==(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+                return lhs.m_it == rhs.m_it;
+            }
+
+            friend constexpr bool operator!=(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+                return !(lhs == rhs);
+            }
+
+            friend constexpr bool operator<(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+                return lhs.m_it < rhs.m_it;
+            }
+
+            friend constexpr bool operator<=(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+                return lhs.m_it <= rhs.m_it;
+            }
+
+            friend constexpr bool operator>(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+                return lhs.m_it > rhs.m_it;
+            }
+
+            friend constexpr bool operator>=(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+                return lhs.m_it >= rhs.m_it;
+            }
+
+            primitive_iterator_t operator+(difference_type i) {
+                auto result = *this;
+                result += i;
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            friend constexpr difference_type operator-(primitive_iterator_t lhs, primitive_iterator_t rhs) noexcept {
+                return lhs.m_it - rhs.m_it;
+            }
+
+            friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, primitive_iterator_t it) {
+                return os << it.m_it;
+            }
+
+            primitive_iterator_t &operator++() {
+                ++m_it;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            primitive_iterator_t operator++(int) {
+                auto result = *this;
+                m_it++;
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            primitive_iterator_t &operator--() {
+                --m_it;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            primitive_iterator_t operator--(int) {
+                auto result = *this;
+                m_it--;
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            primitive_iterator_t &operator+=(difference_type n) {
+                m_it += n;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            primitive_iterator_t &operator-=(difference_type n) {
+                m_it -= n;
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            static constexpr difference_type begin_value = 0;
+            static constexpr difference_type end_value = begin_value + 1;
+
+            /// iterator as signed integer type
+            difference_type m_it = std::numeric_limits<std::ptrdiff_t>::denorm_min();
+        };
+
+        /*!
+    @brief an iterator value
+
+    @note This structure could easily be a union, but MSVC currently does not
+    allow unions members with complex constructors, see
+    https://github.com/nlohmann/json/pull/105.
+    */
+        struct internal_iterator {
+            /// iterator for JSON objects
+            typename object_t::iterator object_iterator;
+            /// iterator for JSON arrays
+            typename array_t::iterator array_iterator;
+            /// generic iterator for all other types
+            primitive_iterator_t primitive_iterator;
+
+            /// create an uninitialized internal_iterator
+            internal_iterator() noexcept
+                    : object_iterator(), array_iterator(), primitive_iterator() {}
+        };
+
+        /// proxy class for the iterator_wrapper functions
+        template<typename IteratorType>
+        class iteration_proxy {
+        private:
+            /// helper class for iteration
+            class iteration_proxy_internal {
+            private:
+                /// the iterator
+                IteratorType anchor;
+                /// an index for arrays (used to create key names)
+                size_t array_index = 0;
+
+            public:
+                explicit iteration_proxy_internal(IteratorType it) noexcept
+                        : anchor(it) {}
+
+                /// dereference operator (needed for range-based for)
+                iteration_proxy_internal &operator*() {
+                    return *this;
+                }
+
+                /// increment operator (needed for range-based for)
+                iteration_proxy_internal &operator++() {
+                    ++anchor;
+                    ++array_index;
+
+                    return *this;
+                }
+
+                /// inequality operator (needed for range-based for)
+                bool operator!=(const iteration_proxy_internal &o) const {
+                    return anchor != o.anchor;
+                }
+
+                /// return key of the iterator
+                typename basic_json::string_t key() const {
+                    assert(anchor.m_object != nullptr);
+
+                    switch (anchor.m_object->type()) {
+                        // use integer array index as key
+                        case value_t::array: {
+                            return std::to_string(array_index);
+                        }
+
+                            // use key from the object
+                        case value_t::object: {
+                            return anchor.key();
+                        }
+
+                            // use an empty key for all primitive types
+                        default: {
+                            return "";
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// return value of the iterator
+                typename IteratorType::reference value() const {
+                    return anchor.value();
+                }
+            };
+
+            /// the container to iterate
+            typename IteratorType::reference container;
+
+        public:
+            /// construct iteration proxy from a container
+            explicit iteration_proxy(typename IteratorType::reference cont)
+                    : container(cont) {}
+
+            /// return iterator begin (needed for range-based for)
+            iteration_proxy_internal begin() noexcept {
+                return iteration_proxy_internal(container.begin());
+            }
+
+            /// return iterator end (needed for range-based for)
+            iteration_proxy_internal end() noexcept {
+                return iteration_proxy_internal(container.end());
+            }
+        };
+
+    public:
+        /*!
+    @brief a template for a random access iterator for the @ref basic_json class
+
+    This class implements a both iterators (iterator and const_iterator) for the
+    @ref basic_json class.
+
+    @note An iterator is called *initialized* when a pointer to a JSON value
+          has been set (e.g., by a constructor or a copy assignment). If the
+          iterator is default-constructed, it is *uninitialized* and most
+          methods are undefined. **The library uses assertions to detect calls
+          on uninitialized iterators.**
+
+    @requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
+    - [RandomAccessIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/RandomAccessIterator):
+      The iterator that can be moved to point (forward and backward) to any
+      element in constant time.
+
+    @since version 1.0.0, simplified in version 2.0.9
+    */
+        template<typename U>
+        class iter_impl : public std::iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag, U> {
+            /// allow basic_json to access private members
+            friend class basic_json;
+
+            // make sure U is basic_json or const basic_json
+            static_assert(std::is_same<U, basic_json>::value
+                          or std::is_same<U, const basic_json>::value,
+                          "iter_impl only accepts (const) basic_json");
+
+        public:
+            /// the type of the values when the iterator is dereferenced
+            using value_type = typename basic_json::value_type;
+            /// a type to represent differences between iterators
+            using difference_type = typename basic_json::difference_type;
+            /// defines a pointer to the type iterated over (value_type)
+            using pointer = typename std::conditional<std::is_const<U>::value,
+                    typename basic_json::const_pointer,
+                    typename basic_json::pointer>::type;
+            /// defines a reference to the type iterated over (value_type)
+            using reference = typename std::conditional<std::is_const<U>::value,
+                    typename basic_json::const_reference,
+                    typename basic_json::reference>::type;
+            /// the category of the iterator
+            using iterator_category = std::bidirectional_iterator_tag;
+
+            /// default constructor
+            iter_impl() = default;
+
+            /*!
+        @brief constructor for a given JSON instance
+        @param[in] object  pointer to a JSON object for this iterator
+        @pre object != nullptr
+        @post The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            explicit iter_impl(pointer object) noexcept
+                    : m_object(object) {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        m_it.object_iterator = typename object_t::iterator();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        m_it.array_iterator = typename array_t::iterator();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        m_it.primitive_iterator = primitive_iterator_t();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*
+        Use operator `const_iterator` instead of `const_iterator(const iterator&
+        other) noexcept` to avoid two class definitions for @ref iterator and
+        @ref const_iterator.
+
+        This function is only called if this class is an @ref iterator. If this
+        class is a @ref const_iterator this function is not called.
+        */
+            operator const_iterator() const {
+                const_iterator ret;
+
+                if (m_object) {
+                    ret.m_object = m_object;
+                    ret.m_it = m_it;
+                }
+
+                return ret;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief copy constructor
+        @param[in] other  iterator to copy from
+        @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
+        */
+            iter_impl(const iter_impl &other) noexcept
+                    : m_object(other.m_object), m_it(other.m_it) {}
+
+            /*!
+        @brief copy assignment
+        @param[in,out] other  iterator to copy from
+        @note It is not checked whether @a other is initialized.
+        */
+            iter_impl &operator=(iter_impl other) noexcept(
+            std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<pointer>::value and
+            std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<pointer>::value and
+            std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<internal_iterator>::value and
+            std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<internal_iterator>::value
+            ) {
+                std::swap(m_object, other.m_object);
+                std::swap(m_it, other.m_it);
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /*!
+        @brief set the iterator to the first value
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            void set_begin() noexcept {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->begin();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->begin();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::null: {
+                        // set to end so begin()==end() is true: null is empty
+                        m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        m_it.primitive_iterator.set_begin();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief set the iterator past the last value
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            void set_end() noexcept {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        m_it.object_iterator = m_object->m_value.object->end();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        m_it.array_iterator = m_object->m_value.array->end();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        m_it.primitive_iterator.set_end();
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        public:
+            /*!
+        @brief return a reference to the value pointed to by the iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            reference operator*() const {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
+                        return m_it.object_iterator->second;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
+                        return *m_it.array_iterator;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::null: {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(214, "cannot get value"));
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        if (m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()) {
+                            return *m_object;
+                        }
+
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(214, "cannot get value"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief dereference the iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            pointer operator->() const {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        assert(m_it.object_iterator != m_object->m_value.object->end());
+                        return &(m_it.object_iterator->second);
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        assert(m_it.array_iterator != m_object->m_value.array->end());
+                        return &*m_it.array_iterator;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        if (m_it.primitive_iterator.is_begin()) {
+                            return m_object;
+                        }
+
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(214, "cannot get value"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief post-increment (it++)
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl operator++(int) {
+                auto result = *this;
+                ++(*this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief pre-increment (++it)
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl &operator++() {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, 1);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, 1);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        ++m_it.primitive_iterator;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief post-decrement (it--)
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl operator--(int) {
+                auto result = *this;
+                --(*this);
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief pre-decrement (--it)
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl &operator--() {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        std::advance(m_it.object_iterator, -1);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, -1);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        --m_it.primitive_iterator;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  comparison: equal
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            bool operator==(const iter_impl &other) const {
+                // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
+                if (m_object != other.m_object) {
+                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
+                }
+
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        return (m_it.object_iterator == other.m_it.object_iterator);
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        return (m_it.array_iterator == other.m_it.array_iterator);
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        return (m_it.primitive_iterator == other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  comparison: not equal
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            bool operator!=(const iter_impl &other) const {
+                return not operator==(other);
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  comparison: smaller
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            bool operator<(const iter_impl &other) const {
+                // if objects are not the same, the comparison is undefined
+                if (m_object != other.m_object) {
+                    JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(212, "cannot compare iterators of different containers"));
+                }
+
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(213, "cannot compare order of object iterators"));
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        return (m_it.array_iterator < other.m_it.array_iterator);
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        return (m_it.primitive_iterator < other.m_it.primitive_iterator);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  comparison: less than or equal
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            bool operator<=(const iter_impl &other) const {
+                return not other.operator<(*this);
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  comparison: greater than
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            bool operator>(const iter_impl &other) const {
+                return not operator<=(other);
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  comparison: greater than or equal
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            bool operator>=(const iter_impl &other) const {
+                return not operator<(other);
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  add to iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl &operator+=(difference_type i) {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        std::advance(m_it.array_iterator, i);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        m_it.primitive_iterator += i;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  subtract from iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl &operator-=(difference_type i) {
+                return operator+=(-i);
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  add to iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl operator+(difference_type i) {
+                auto result = *this;
+                result += i;
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  subtract from iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            iter_impl operator-(difference_type i) {
+                auto result = *this;
+                result -= i;
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  return difference
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            difference_type operator-(const iter_impl &other) const {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(209, "cannot use offsets with object iterators"));
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        return m_it.array_iterator - other.m_it.array_iterator;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        return m_it.primitive_iterator - other.m_it.primitive_iterator;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  access to successor
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                switch (m_object->m_type) {
+                    case basic_json::value_t::object: {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(208, "cannot use operator[] for object iterators"));
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::array: {
+                        return *std::next(m_it.array_iterator, n);
+                    }
+
+                    case basic_json::value_t::null: {
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(214, "cannot get value"));
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        if (m_it.primitive_iterator.get_value() == -n) {
+                            return *m_object;
+                        }
+
+                        JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(214, "cannot get value"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  return the key of an object iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            typename object_t::key_type key() const {
+                assert(m_object != nullptr);
+
+                if (m_object->is_object()) {
+                    return m_it.object_iterator->first;
+                }
+
+                JSON_THROW(invalid_iterator(207, "cannot use key() for non-object iterators"));
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief  return the value of an iterator
+        @pre The iterator is initialized; i.e. `m_object != nullptr`.
+        */
+            reference value() const {
+                return operator*();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /// associated JSON instance
+            pointer m_object = nullptr;
+            /// the actual iterator of the associated instance
+            internal_iterator m_it = internal_iterator();
+        };
+
+        /*!
+    @brief a template for a reverse iterator class
+
+    @tparam Base the base iterator type to reverse. Valid types are @ref
+    iterator (to create @ref reverse_iterator) and @ref const_iterator (to
+    create @ref const_reverse_iterator).
+
+    @requirement The class satisfies the following concept requirements:
+    - [RandomAccessIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/RandomAccessIterator):
+      The iterator that can be moved to point (forward and backward) to any
+      element in constant time.
+    - [OutputIterator](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/concept/OutputIterator):
+      It is possible to write to the pointed-to element (only if @a Base is
+      @ref iterator).
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        template<typename Base>
+        class json_reverse_iterator : public std::reverse_iterator<Base> {
+        public:
+            /// shortcut to the reverse iterator adaptor
+            using base_iterator = std::reverse_iterator<Base>;
+            /// the reference type for the pointed-to element
+            using reference = typename Base::reference;
+
+            /// create reverse iterator from iterator
+            json_reverse_iterator(const typename base_iterator::iterator_type &it) noexcept
+                    : base_iterator(it) {}
+
+            /// create reverse iterator from base class
+            json_reverse_iterator(const base_iterator &it) noexcept
+                    : base_iterator(it) {}
+
+            /// post-increment (it++)
+            json_reverse_iterator operator++(int) {
+                return base_iterator::operator++(1);
+            }
+
+            /// pre-increment (++it)
+            json_reverse_iterator &operator++() {
+                base_iterator::operator++();
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /// post-decrement (it--)
+            json_reverse_iterator operator--(int) {
+                return base_iterator::operator--(1);
+            }
+
+            /// pre-decrement (--it)
+            json_reverse_iterator &operator--() {
+                base_iterator::operator--();
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /// add to iterator
+            json_reverse_iterator &operator+=(difference_type i) {
+                base_iterator::operator+=(i);
+                return *this;
+            }
+
+            /// add to iterator
+            json_reverse_iterator operator+(difference_type i) const {
+                auto result = *this;
+                result += i;
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /// subtract from iterator
+            json_reverse_iterator operator-(difference_type i) const {
+                auto result = *this;
+                result -= i;
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /// return difference
+            difference_type operator-(const json_reverse_iterator &other) const {
+                return this->base() - other.base();
+            }
+
+            /// access to successor
+            reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+                return *(this->operator+(n));
+            }
+
+            /// return the key of an object iterator
+            typename object_t::key_type key() const {
+                auto it = --this->base();
+                return it.key();
+            }
+
+            /// return the value of an iterator
+            reference value() const {
+                auto it = --this->base();
+                return it.operator*();
+            }
+        };
+
+
+    private:
+        //////////////////////
+        // lexer and parser //
+        //////////////////////
+
+        /*!
+    @brief lexical analysis
+
+    This class organizes the lexical analysis during JSON deserialization. The
+    core of it is a scanner generated by [re2c](http://re2c.org) that
+    processes a buffer and recognizes tokens according to RFC 7159.
+    */
+        class lexer {
+        public:
+            /// token types for the parser
+            enum class token_type {
+                uninitialized,   ///< indicating the scanner is uninitialized
+                literal_true,    ///< the `true` literal
+                literal_false,   ///< the `false` literal
+                literal_null,    ///< the `null` literal
+                value_string,    ///< a string -- use get_string() for actual value
+                value_unsigned,  ///< an unsigned integer -- use get_number() for actual value
+                value_integer,   ///< a signed integer -- use get_number() for actual value
+                value_float,     ///< an floating point number -- use get_number() for actual value
+                begin_array,     ///< the character for array begin `[`
+                begin_object,    ///< the character for object begin `{`
+                end_array,       ///< the character for array end `]`
+                end_object,      ///< the character for object end `}`
+                name_separator,  ///< the name separator `:`
+                value_separator, ///< the value separator `,`
+                parse_error,     ///< indicating a parse error
+                end_of_input     ///< indicating the end of the input buffer
+            };
+
+            /// the char type to use in the lexer
+            using lexer_char_t = unsigned char;
+
+            /// a lexer from a buffer with given length
+            lexer(const lexer_char_t *buff, const size_t len) noexcept
+                    : m_content(buff) {
+                assert(m_content != nullptr);
+                m_start = m_cursor = m_content;
+                m_limit = m_content + len;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief a lexer from an input stream
+        @throw parse_error.111 if input stream is in a bad state
+        */
+            explicit lexer(std::istream &s)
+                    : m_stream(&s), m_line_buffer() {
+                // immediately abort if stream is erroneous
+                if (s.fail()) {
+                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(111, 0, "bad input stream"));
+                }
+
+                // fill buffer
+                fill_line_buffer();
+
+                // skip UTF-8 byte-order mark
+                if (m_line_buffer.size() >= 3 and m_line_buffer.substr(0, 3) == "\xEF\xBB\xBF") {
+                    m_line_buffer[0] = ' ';
+                    m_line_buffer[1] = ' ';
+                    m_line_buffer[2] = ' ';
+                }
+            }
+
+            // switch off unwanted functions (due to pointer members)
+            lexer() = delete;
+
+            lexer(const lexer &) = delete;
+
+            lexer operator=(const lexer &) = delete;
+
+            /*!
+        @brief create a string from one or two Unicode code points
+
+        There are two cases: (1) @a codepoint1 is in the Basic Multilingual
+        Plane (U+0000 through U+FFFF) and @a codepoint2 is 0, or (2)
+        @a codepoint1 and @a codepoint2 are a UTF-16 surrogate pair to
+        represent a code point above U+FFFF.
+
+        @param[in] codepoint1  the code point (can be high surrogate)
+        @param[in] codepoint2  the code point (can be low surrogate or 0)
+
+        @return string representation of the code point; the length of the
+        result string is between 1 and 4 characters.
+
+        @throw parse_error.102 if the low surrogate is invalid; example:
+        `""missing or wrong low surrogate""`
+        @throw parse_error.103 if code point is > 0x10ffff; example: `"code
+        points above 0x10FFFF are invalid"`
+
+        @complexity Constant.
+
+        @see <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8#Sample_code>
+        */
+            string_t to_unicode(const std::size_t codepoint1,
+                                const std::size_t codepoint2 = 0) const {
+                // calculate the code point from the given code points
+                std::size_t codepoint = codepoint1;
+
+                // check if codepoint1 is a high surrogate
+                if (codepoint1 >= 0xD800 and codepoint1 <= 0xDBFF) {
+                    // check if codepoint2 is a low surrogate
+                    if (codepoint2 >= 0xDC00 and codepoint2 <= 0xDFFF) {
+                        codepoint =
+                                // high surrogate occupies the most significant 22 bits
+                                (codepoint1 << 10)
+                                // low surrogate occupies the least significant 15 bits
+                                + codepoint2
+                                // there is still the 0xD800, 0xDC00 and 0x10000 noise
+                                // in the result so we have to subtract with:
+                                // (0xD800 << 10) + DC00 - 0x10000 = 0x35FDC00
+                                - 0x35FDC00;
+                    } else {
+                        JSON_THROW(parse_error(102, get_position(), "missing or wrong low surrogate"));
+                    }
+                }
+
+                string_t result;
+
+                if (codepoint < 0x80) {
+                    // 1-byte characters: 0xxxxxxx (ASCII)
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(codepoint));
+                } else if (codepoint <= 0x7ff) {
+                    // 2-byte characters: 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xC0 | (codepoint >> 6)));
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
+                } else if (codepoint <= 0xffff) {
+                    // 3-byte characters: 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xE0 | (codepoint >> 12)));
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
+                } else if (codepoint <= 0x10ffff) {
+                    // 4-byte characters: 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0xF0 | (codepoint >> 18)));
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 12) & 0x3F)));
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | ((codepoint >> 6) & 0x3F)));
+                    result.append(1, static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(0x80 | (codepoint & 0x3F)));
+                } else {
+                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(103, get_position(), "code points above 0x10FFFF are invalid"));
+                }
+
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /// return name of values of type token_type (only used for errors)
+            static std::string token_type_name(const token_type t) {
+                switch (t) {
+                    case token_type::uninitialized:
+                        return "<uninitialized>";
+                    case token_type::literal_true:
+                        return "true literal";
+                    case token_type::literal_false:
+                        return "false literal";
+                    case token_type::literal_null:
+                        return "null literal";
+                    case token_type::value_string:
+                        return "string literal";
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned:
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_integer:
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_float:
+                        return "number literal";
+                    case token_type::begin_array:
+                        return "'['";
+                    case token_type::begin_object:
+                        return "'{'";
+                    case token_type::end_array:
+                        return "']'";
+                    case token_type::end_object:
+                        return "'}'";
+                    case token_type::name_separator:
+                        return "':'";
+                    case token_type::value_separator:
+                        return "','";
+                    case token_type::parse_error:
+                        return "<parse error>";
+                    case token_type::end_of_input:
+                        return "end of input";
+                    default: {
+                        // catch non-enum values
+                        return "unknown token"; // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        This function implements a scanner for JSON. It is specified using
+        regular expressions that try to follow RFC 7159 as close as possible.
+        These regular expressions are then translated into a minimized
+        deterministic finite automaton (DFA) by the tool
+        [re2c](http://re2c.org). As a result, the translated code for this
+        function consists of a large block of code with `goto` jumps.
+
+        @return the class of the next token read from the buffer
+
+        @complexity Linear in the length of the input.\n
+
+        Proposition: The loop below will always terminate for finite input.\n
+
+        Proof (by contradiction): Assume a finite input. To loop forever, the
+        loop must never hit code with a `break` statement. The only code
+        snippets without a `break` statement is the continue statement for
+        whitespace. To loop forever, the input must be an infinite sequence
+        whitespace. This contradicts the assumption of finite input, q.e.d.
+        */
+            token_type scan() {
+                while (true) {
+                    // pointer for backtracking information
+                    m_marker = nullptr;
+
+                    // remember the begin of the token
+                    m_start = m_cursor;
+                    assert(m_start != nullptr);
+
+
+                    {
+                        lexer_char_t yych;
+                        unsigned int yyaccept = 0;
+                        static const unsigned char yybm[] =
+                                {
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 32, 32, 0, 0, 32, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        160, 128, 0, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192, 192,
+                                        192, 192, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 0, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128, 128,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+                                };
+                        if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 5) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(5);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yybm[0 + yych] & 32) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_6;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= '[') {
+                            if (yych <= '-') {
+                                if (yych <= '"') {
+                                    if (yych <= 0x00) {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_2;
+                                    }
+                                    if (yych <= '!') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_9;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (yych <= '+') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                    }
+                                    if (yych <= ',') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_10;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_12;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych <= '9') {
+                                    if (yych <= '/') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                    }
+                                    if (yych <= '0') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_13;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_15;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (yych <= ':') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_17;
+                                    }
+                                    if (yych <= 'Z') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_19;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'n') {
+                                if (yych <= 'e') {
+                                    if (yych == ']') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_21;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (yych <= 'f') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_23;
+                                    }
+                                    if (yych <= 'm') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_24;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych <= 'z') {
+                                    if (yych == 't') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_25;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (yych <= '{') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_26;
+                                    }
+                                    if (yych == '}') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_28;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_4;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_2:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::end_of_input;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_4:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        basic_json_parser_5:
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::parse_error;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_6:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yybm[0 + yych] & 32) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_6;
+                        }
+                        {
+                            position += static_cast<size_t>((m_cursor - m_start));
+                            continue;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_9:
+                        yyaccept = 0;
+                        yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
+                        if (yych <= 0x1F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0x7F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_31;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xC1) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xF4) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_31;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        basic_json_parser_10:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::value_separator;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_12:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '/') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= '0') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_43;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= '9') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_45;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        basic_json_parser_13:
+                        yyaccept = 1;
+                        yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
+                        if (yych <= '9') {
+                            if (yych == '.') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_47;
+                            }
+                            if (yych >= '0') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_48;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'E') {
+                                if (yych >= 'E') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych == 'e') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_14:
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::value_unsigned;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_15:
+                        yyaccept = 1;
+                        m_marker = ++m_cursor;
+                        if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(3);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yybm[0 + yych] & 64) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_15;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 'D') {
+                            if (yych == '.') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_47;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_14;
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'E') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                            }
+                            if (yych == 'e') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_14;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_17:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::name_separator;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_19:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::begin_array;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_21:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::end_array;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_23:
+                        yyaccept = 0;
+                        yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
+                        if (yych == 'a') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_52;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        basic_json_parser_24:
+                        yyaccept = 0;
+                        yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
+                        if (yych == 'u') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_53;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        basic_json_parser_25:
+                        yyaccept = 0;
+                        yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
+                        if (yych == 'r') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_54;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                        basic_json_parser_26:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::begin_object;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_28:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::end_object;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_30:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        basic_json_parser_31:
+                        if (yybm[0 + yych] & 128) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xE0) {
+                            if (yych <= '\\') {
+                                if (yych <= 0x1F) {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                                }
+                                if (yych <= '"') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_33;
+                                }
+                                goto basic_json_parser_35;
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych <= 0xC1) {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                                }
+                                if (yych <= 0xDF) {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_36;
+                                }
+                                goto basic_json_parser_37;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 0xEF) {
+                                if (yych == 0xED) {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_39;
+                                }
+                                goto basic_json_parser_38;
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych <= 0xF0) {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_40;
+                                }
+                                if (yych <= 0xF3) {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_41;
+                                }
+                                if (yych <= 0xF4) {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_42;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_32:
+                        m_cursor = m_marker;
+                        if (yyaccept <= 1) {
+                            if (yyaccept == 0) {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_5;
+                            } else {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_14;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (yyaccept == 2) {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_44;
+                            } else {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_58;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_33:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::value_string;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_35:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 'e') {
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                if (yych == '"') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                                }
+                                if (yych <= '.') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                                }
+                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych <= '\\') {
+                                    if (yych <= '[') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (yych == 'b') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'q') {
+                                if (yych <= 'f') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                                }
+                                if (yych == 'n') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                                }
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych <= 's') {
+                                    if (yych <= 'r') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                                } else {
+                                    if (yych <= 't') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                                    }
+                                    if (yych <= 'u') {
+                                        goto basic_json_parser_55;
+                                    }
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_36:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 0x7F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xBF) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_37:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 0x9F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xBF) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_36;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_38:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 0x7F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xBF) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_36;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_39:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 0x7F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0x9F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_36;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_40:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 0x8F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xBF) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_38;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_41:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 0x7F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0xBF) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_38;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_42:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 0x7F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= 0x8F) {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_38;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_43:
+                        yyaccept = 2;
+                        yych = *(m_marker = ++m_cursor);
+                        if (yych <= '9') {
+                            if (yych == '.') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_47;
+                            }
+                            if (yych >= '0') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_48;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'E') {
+                                if (yych >= 'E') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych == 'e') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_44:
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::value_integer;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_45:
+                        yyaccept = 2;
+                        m_marker = ++m_cursor;
+                        if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(3);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '9') {
+                            if (yych == '.') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_47;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_44;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_45;
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'E') {
+                                if (yych <= 'D') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_44;
+                                }
+                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                            } else {
+                                if (yych == 'e') {
+                                    goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                                }
+                                goto basic_json_parser_44;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_47:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '/') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= '9') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_56;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_48:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '/') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_50;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= '9') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_48;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_50:
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::parse_error;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_51:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= ',') {
+                            if (yych == '+') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_59;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= '-') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_59;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '9') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_60;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_52:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych == 'l') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_62;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_53:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych == 'l') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_63;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_54:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych == 'u') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_64;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_55:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '@') {
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '9') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_65;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'F') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_65;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '`') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= 'f') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_65;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_56:
+                        yyaccept = 3;
+                        m_marker = ++m_cursor;
+                        if ((m_limit - m_cursor) < 3) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(3);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= 'D') {
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_58;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '9') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_56;
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'E') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                            }
+                            if (yych == 'e') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_51;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_58:
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::value_float;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_59:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '/') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        if (yych >= ':') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_60:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '/') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_58;
+                        }
+                        if (yych <= '9') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_60;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_58;
+                        basic_json_parser_62:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych == 's') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_66;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_63:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych == 'l') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_67;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_64:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych == 'e') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_69;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_65:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '@') {
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '9') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_71;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'F') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_71;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '`') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= 'f') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_71;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_66:
+                        yych = *++m_cursor;
+                        if (yych == 'e') {
+                            goto basic_json_parser_72;
+                        }
+                        goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        basic_json_parser_67:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::literal_null;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_69:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::literal_true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_71:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '@') {
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '9') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_74;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'F') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_74;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '`') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= 'f') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_74;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_72:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        {
+                            last_token_type = token_type::literal_false;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        basic_json_parser_74:
+                        ++m_cursor;
+                        if (m_limit <= m_cursor) {
+                            fill_line_buffer(1);    // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                        yych = *m_cursor;
+                        if (yych <= '@') {
+                            if (yych <= '/') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '9') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        } else {
+                            if (yych <= 'F') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= '`') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                            }
+                            if (yych <= 'f') {
+                                goto basic_json_parser_30;
+                            }
+                            goto basic_json_parser_32;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                }
+
+                position += static_cast<size_t>((m_cursor - m_start));
+                return last_token_type;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief append data from the stream to the line buffer
+
+        This function is called by the scan() function when the end of the
+        buffer (`m_limit`) is reached and the `m_cursor` pointer cannot be
+        incremented without leaving the limits of the line buffer. Note re2c
+        decides when to call this function.
+
+        If the lexer reads from contiguous storage, there is no trailing null
+        byte. Therefore, this function must make sure to add these padding
+        null bytes.
+
+        If the lexer reads from an input stream, this function reads the next
+        line of the input.
+
+        @pre
+            p p p p p p u u u u u x . . . . . .
+            ^           ^       ^   ^
+            m_content   m_start |   m_limit
+                                m_cursor
+
+        @post
+            u u u u u x x x x x x x . . . . . .
+            ^       ^               ^
+            |       m_cursor        m_limit
+            m_start
+            m_content
+        */
+            void fill_line_buffer(size_t n = 0) {
+                // if line buffer is used, m_content points to its data
+                assert(m_line_buffer.empty()
+                       or m_content == reinterpret_cast<const lexer_char_t *>(m_line_buffer.data()));
+
+                // if line buffer is used, m_limit is set past the end of its data
+                assert(m_line_buffer.empty()
+                       or m_limit == m_content + m_line_buffer.size());
+
+                // pointer relationships
+                assert(m_content <= m_start);
+                assert(m_start <= m_cursor);
+                assert(m_cursor <= m_limit);
+                assert(m_marker == nullptr or m_marker <= m_limit);
+
+                // number of processed characters (p)
+                const auto num_processed_chars = static_cast<size_t>(m_start - m_content);
+                // offset for m_marker wrt. to m_start
+                const auto offset_marker = (m_marker == nullptr) ? 0 : m_marker - m_start;
+                // number of unprocessed characters (u)
+                const auto offset_cursor = m_cursor - m_start;
+
+                // no stream is used or end of file is reached
+                if (m_stream == nullptr or m_stream->eof()) {
+                    // m_start may or may not be pointing into m_line_buffer at
+                    // this point. We trust the standard library to do the right
+                    // thing. See http://stackoverflow.com/q/28142011/266378
+                    m_line_buffer.assign(m_start, m_limit);
+
+                    // append n characters to make sure that there is sufficient
+                    // space between m_cursor and m_limit
+                    m_line_buffer.append(1, '\x00');
+                    if (n > 0) {
+                        m_line_buffer.append(n - 1, '\x01');
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // delete processed characters from line buffer
+                    m_line_buffer.erase(0, num_processed_chars);
+                    // read next line from input stream
+                    m_line_buffer_tmp.clear();
+
+                    // check if stream is still good
+                    if (m_stream->fail()) {
+                        JSON_THROW(parse_error(111, 0, "bad input stream"));
+                    }
+
+                    std::getline(*m_stream, m_line_buffer_tmp, '\n');
+
+                    // add line with newline symbol to the line buffer
+                    m_line_buffer += m_line_buffer_tmp;
+                    m_line_buffer.push_back('\n');
+                }
+
+                // set pointers
+                m_content = reinterpret_cast<const lexer_char_t *>(m_line_buffer.data());
+                assert(m_content != nullptr);
+                m_start = m_content;
+                m_marker = m_start + offset_marker;
+                m_cursor = m_start + offset_cursor;
+                m_limit = m_start + m_line_buffer.size();
+            }
+
+            /// return string representation of last read token
+            string_t get_token_string() const {
+                assert(m_start != nullptr);
+                return string_t(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>(m_start),
+                                static_cast<size_t>(m_cursor - m_start));
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief return string value for string tokens
+
+        The function iterates the characters between the opening and closing
+        quotes of the string value. The complete string is the range
+        [m_start,m_cursor). Consequently, we iterate from m_start+1 to
+        m_cursor-1.
+
+        We differentiate two cases:
+
+        1. Escaped characters. In this case, a new character is constructed
+           according to the nature of the escape. Some escapes create new
+           characters (e.g., `"\\n"` is replaced by `"\n"`), some are copied
+           as is (e.g., `"\\\\"`). Furthermore, Unicode escapes of the shape
+           `"\\uxxxx"` need special care. In this case, to_unicode takes care
+           of the construction of the values.
+        2. Unescaped characters are copied as is.
+
+        @pre `m_cursor - m_start >= 2`, meaning the length of the last token
+        is at least 2 bytes which is trivially true for any string (which
+        consists of at least two quotes).
+
+            " c1 c2 c3 ... "
+            ^                ^
+            m_start          m_cursor
+
+        @complexity Linear in the length of the string.\n
+
+        Lemma: The loop body will always terminate.\n
+
+        Proof (by contradiction): Assume the loop body does not terminate. As
+        the loop body does not contain another loop, one of the called
+        functions must never return. The called functions are `std::strtoul`
+        and to_unicode. Neither function can loop forever, so the loop body
+        will never loop forever which contradicts the assumption that the loop
+        body does not terminate, q.e.d.\n
+
+        Lemma: The loop condition for the for loop is eventually false.\n
+
+        Proof (by contradiction): Assume the loop does not terminate. Due to
+        the above lemma, this can only be due to a tautological loop
+        condition; that is, the loop condition i < m_cursor - 1 must always be
+        true. Let x be the change of i for any loop iteration. Then
+        m_start + 1 + x < m_cursor - 1 must hold to loop indefinitely. This
+        can be rephrased to m_cursor - m_start - 2 > x. With the
+        precondition, we x <= 0, meaning that the loop condition holds
+        indefinitely if i is always decreased. However, observe that the value
+        of i is strictly increasing with each iteration, as it is incremented
+        by 1 in the iteration expression and never decremented inside the loop
+        body. Hence, the loop condition will eventually be false which
+        contradicts the assumption that the loop condition is a tautology,
+        q.e.d.
+
+        @return string value of current token without opening and closing
+        quotes
+        @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+        @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+        */
+            string_t get_string() const {
+                assert(m_cursor - m_start >= 2);
+
+                string_t result;
+                result.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(m_cursor - m_start - 2));
+
+                // iterate the result between the quotes
+                for (const lexer_char_t *i = m_start + 1; i < m_cursor - 1; ++i) {
+                    // find next escape character
+                    auto e = std::find(i, m_cursor - 1, '\\');
+                    if (e != i) {
+                        // see https://github.com/nlohmann/json/issues/365#issuecomment-262874705
+                        for (auto k = i; k < e; k++) {
+                            result.push_back(static_cast<typename string_t::value_type>(*k));
+                        }
+                        i = e - 1; // -1 because of ++i
+                    } else {
+                        // processing escaped character
+                        // read next character
+                        ++i;
+
+                        switch (*i) {
+                            // the default escapes
+                            case 't': {
+                                result += "\t";
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case 'b': {
+                                result += "\b";
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case 'f': {
+                                result += "\f";
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case 'n': {
+                                result += "\n";
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case 'r': {
+                                result += "\r";
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case '\\': {
+                                result += "\\";
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case '/': {
+                                result += "/";
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            case '"': {
+                                result += "\"";
+                                break;
+                            }
+
+                                // unicode
+                            case 'u': {
+                                // get code xxxx from uxxxx
+                                auto codepoint = std::strtoul(
+                                        std::string(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>(i + 1),
+                                                    4).c_str(), nullptr, 16);
+
+                                // check if codepoint is a high surrogate
+                                if (codepoint >= 0xD800 and codepoint <= 0xDBFF) {
+                                    // make sure there is a subsequent unicode
+                                    if ((i + 6 >= m_limit) or *(i + 5) != '\\' or *(i + 6) != 'u') {
+                                        JSON_THROW(parse_error(102, get_position(), "missing low surrogate"));
+                                    }
+
+                                    // get code yyyy from uxxxx\uyyyy
+                                    auto codepoint2 = std::strtoul(
+                                            std::string(reinterpret_cast<typename string_t::const_pointer>
+                                                        (i + 7), 4).c_str(), nullptr, 16);
+                                    result += to_unicode(codepoint, codepoint2);
+                                    // skip the next 10 characters (xxxx\uyyyy)
+                                    i += 10;
+                                } else if (codepoint >= 0xDC00 and codepoint <= 0xDFFF) {
+                                    // we found a lone low surrogate
+                                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(102, get_position(), "missing high surrogate"));
+                                } else {
+                                    // add unicode character(s)
+                                    result += to_unicode(codepoint);
+                                    // skip the next four characters (xxxx)
+                                    i += 4;
+                                }
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return result;
+            }
+
+
+            /*!
+        @brief parse string into a built-in arithmetic type as if the current
+               locale is POSIX.
+
+        @note in floating-point case strtod may parse past the token's end -
+              this is not an error
+
+        @note any leading blanks are not handled
+        */
+            struct strtonum {
+            public:
+                strtonum(const char *start, const char *end)
+                        : m_start(start), m_end(end) {}
+
+                /*!
+            @return true iff parsed successfully as number of type T
+
+            @param[in,out] val shall contain parsed value, or undefined value
+            if could not parse
+            */
+                template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>::type>
+                bool to(T &val) const {
+                    return parse(val, std::is_integral<T>());
+                }
+
+            private:
+                const char *const m_start = nullptr;
+                const char *const m_end = nullptr;
+
+                // floating-point conversion
+
+                // overloaded wrappers for strtod/strtof/strtold
+                // that will be called from parse<floating_point_t>
+                static void strtof(float &f, const char *str, char **endptr) {
+                    f = std::strtof(str, endptr);
+                }
+
+                static void strtof(double &f, const char *str, char **endptr) {
+                    f = std::strtod(str, endptr);
+                }
+
+                static void strtof(long double &f, const char *str, char **endptr) {
+                    f = std::strtold(str, endptr);
+                }
+
+                template<typename T>
+                bool parse(T &value, /*is_integral=*/std::false_type) const {
+                    // replace decimal separator with locale-specific version,
+                    // when necessary; data will point to either the original
+                    // string, or buf, or tempstr containing the fixed string.
+                    std::string tempstr;
+                    std::array<char, 64> buf;
+                    const size_t len = static_cast<size_t>(m_end - m_start);
+
+                    // lexer will reject empty numbers
+                    assert(len > 0);
+
+                    // since dealing with strtod family of functions, we're
+                    // getting the decimal point char from the C locale facilities
+                    // instead of C++'s numpunct facet of the current std::locale
+                    const auto loc = localeconv();
+                    assert(loc != nullptr);
+                    const char decimal_point_char = (loc->decimal_point == nullptr) ? '.' : loc->decimal_point[0];
+
+                    const char *data = m_start;
+
+                    if (decimal_point_char != '.') {
+                        const size_t ds_pos = static_cast<size_t>(std::find(m_start, m_end, '.') - m_start);
+
+                        if (ds_pos != len) {
+                            // copy the data into the local buffer or tempstr, if
+                            // buffer is too small; replace decimal separator, and
+                            // update data to point to the modified bytes
+                            if ((len + 1) < buf.size()) {
+                                std::copy(m_start, m_end, buf.begin());
+                                buf[len] = 0;
+                                buf[ds_pos] = decimal_point_char;
+                                data = buf.data();
+                            } else {
+                                tempstr.assign(m_start, m_end);
+                                tempstr[ds_pos] = decimal_point_char;
+                                data = tempstr.c_str();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    char *endptr = nullptr;
+                    value = 0;
+                    // this calls appropriate overload depending on T
+                    strtof(value, data, &endptr);
+
+                    // parsing was successful iff strtof parsed exactly the number
+                    // of characters determined by the lexer (len)
+                    const bool ok = (endptr == (data + len));
+
+                    if (ok and (value == static_cast<T>(0.0)) and (*data == '-')) {
+                        // some implementations forget to negate the zero
+                        value = -0.0;
+                    }
+
+                    return ok;
+                }
+
+                // integral conversion
+
+                signed long long parse_integral(char **endptr, /*is_signed*/std::true_type) const {
+                    return std::strtoll(m_start, endptr, 10);
+                }
+
+                unsigned long long parse_integral(char **endptr, /*is_signed*/std::false_type) const {
+                    return std::strtoull(m_start, endptr, 10);
+                }
+
+                template<typename T>
+                bool parse(T &value, /*is_integral=*/std::true_type) const {
+                    char *endptr = nullptr;
+                    errno = 0; // these are thread-local
+                    const auto x = parse_integral(&endptr, std::is_signed<T>());
+
+                    // called right overload?
+                    static_assert(std::is_signed<T>() == std::is_signed<decltype(x)>(), "");
+
+                    value = static_cast<T>(x);
+
+                    return (x == static_cast<decltype(x)>(value)) // x fits into destination T
+                           and (x < 0) == (value < 0)             // preserved sign
+                           //and ((x != 0) or is_integral())        // strto[u]ll did nto fail
+                           and (errno == 0)                       // strto[u]ll did not overflow
+                           and (m_start < m_end)                  // token was not empty
+                           and (endptr == m_end);                 // parsed entire token exactly
+                }
+            };
+
+            /*!
+        @brief return number value for number tokens
+
+        This function translates the last token into the most appropriate
+        number type (either integer, unsigned integer or floating point),
+        which is passed back to the caller via the result parameter.
+
+        integral numbers that don't fit into the the range of the respective
+        type are parsed as number_float_t
+
+        floating-point values do not satisfy std::isfinite predicate
+        are converted to value_t::null
+
+        throws if the entire string [m_start .. m_cursor) cannot be
+        interpreted as a number
+
+        @param[out] result  @ref basic_json object to receive the number.
+        @param[in]  token   the type of the number token
+        */
+            bool get_number(basic_json &result, const token_type token) const {
+                assert(m_start != nullptr);
+                assert(m_start < m_cursor);
+                assert((token == token_type::value_unsigned) or
+                       (token == token_type::value_integer) or
+                       (token == token_type::value_float));
+
+                strtonum num_converter(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(m_start),
+                                       reinterpret_cast<const char *>(m_cursor));
+
+                switch (token) {
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned: {
+                        number_unsigned_t val;
+                        if (num_converter.to(val)) {
+                            // parsing successful
+                            result.m_type = value_t::number_unsigned;
+                            result.m_value = val;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_integer: {
+                        number_integer_t val;
+                        if (num_converter.to(val)) {
+                            // parsing successful
+                            result.m_type = value_t::number_integer;
+                            result.m_value = val;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // parse float (either explicitly or because a previous conversion
+                // failed)
+                number_float_t val;
+                if (num_converter.to(val)) {
+                    // parsing successful
+                    result.m_type = value_t::number_float;
+                    result.m_value = val;
+
+                    // throw in case of infinity or NAN
+                    if (not std::isfinite(result.m_value.number_float)) {
+                        JSON_THROW(out_of_range(406, "number overflow parsing '" + get_token_string() + "'"));
+                    }
+
+                    return true;
+                }
+
+                // couldn't parse number in any format
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            constexpr size_t get_position() const {
+                return position;
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /// optional input stream
+            std::istream *m_stream = nullptr;
+            /// line buffer buffer for m_stream
+            string_t m_line_buffer{};
+            /// used for filling m_line_buffer
+            string_t m_line_buffer_tmp{};
+            /// the buffer pointer
+            const lexer_char_t *m_content = nullptr;
+            /// pointer to the beginning of the current symbol
+            const lexer_char_t *m_start = nullptr;
+            /// pointer for backtracking information
+            const lexer_char_t *m_marker = nullptr;
+            /// pointer to the current symbol
+            const lexer_char_t *m_cursor = nullptr;
+            /// pointer to the end of the buffer
+            const lexer_char_t *m_limit = nullptr;
+            /// the last token type
+            token_type last_token_type = token_type::end_of_input;
+            /// current position in the input (read bytes)
+            size_t position = 0;
+        };
+
+        /*!
+    @brief syntax analysis
+
+    This class implements a recursive decent parser.
+    */
+        class parser {
+        public:
+            /// a parser reading from a string literal
+            parser(const char *buff, const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
+                    : callback(cb),
+                      m_lexer(reinterpret_cast<const typename lexer::lexer_char_t *>(buff), std::strlen(buff)) {}
+
+            /*!
+        @brief a parser reading from an input stream
+        @throw parse_error.111 if input stream is in a bad state
+        */
+            parser(std::istream &is, const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
+                    : callback(cb), m_lexer(is) {}
+
+            /// a parser reading from an iterator range with contiguous storage
+            template<class IteratorType, typename std::enable_if<
+                    std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<IteratorType>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value, int>::type
+            = 0>
+            parser(IteratorType first, IteratorType last, const parser_callback_t cb = nullptr)
+                    : callback(cb),
+                      m_lexer(reinterpret_cast<const typename lexer::lexer_char_t *>(&(*first)),
+                              static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(first, last))) {}
+
+            /*!
+        @brief public parser interface
+        @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+        @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+        @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+        */
+            basic_json parse() {
+                // read first token
+                get_token();
+
+                basic_json result = parse_internal(true);
+                result.assert_invariant();
+
+                expect(lexer::token_type::end_of_input);
+
+                // return parser result and replace it with null in case the
+                // top-level value was discarded by the callback function
+                return result.is_discarded() ? basic_json() : std::move(result);
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /*!
+        @brief the actual parser
+        @throw parse_error.101 in case of an unexpected token
+        @throw parse_error.102 if to_unicode fails or surrogate error
+        @throw parse_error.103 if to_unicode fails
+        */
+            basic_json parse_internal(bool keep) {
+                auto result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+
+                switch (last_token) {
+                    case lexer::token_type::begin_object: {
+                        if (keep and (not callback
+                                      or ((keep = callback(depth++, parse_event_t::object_start, result)) != 0))) {
+                            // explicitly set result to object to cope with {}
+                            result.m_type = value_t::object;
+                            result.m_value = value_t::object;
+                        }
+
+                        // read next token
+                        get_token();
+
+                        // closing } -> we are done
+                        if (last_token == lexer::token_type::end_object) {
+                            get_token();
+                            if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::object_end, result)) {
+                                result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+                            }
+                            return result;
+                        }
+
+                        // no comma is expected here
+                        unexpect(lexer::token_type::value_separator);
+
+                        // otherwise: parse key-value pairs
+                        do {
+                            // ugly, but could be fixed with loop reorganization
+                            if (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator) {
+                                get_token();
+                            }
+
+                            // store key
+                            expect(lexer::token_type::value_string);
+                            const auto key = m_lexer.get_string();
+
+                            bool keep_tag = false;
+                            if (keep) {
+                                if (callback) {
+                                    basic_json k(key);
+                                    keep_tag = callback(depth, parse_event_t::key, k);
+                                } else {
+                                    keep_tag = true;
+                                }
+                            }
+
+                            // parse separator (:)
+                            get_token();
+                            expect(lexer::token_type::name_separator);
+
+                            // parse and add value
+                            get_token();
+                            auto value = parse_internal(keep);
+                            if (keep and keep_tag and not value.is_discarded()) {
+                                result[key] = std::move(value);
+                            }
+                        } while (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator);
+
+                        // closing }
+                        expect(lexer::token_type::end_object);
+                        get_token();
+                        if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::object_end, result)) {
+                            result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+                        }
+
+                        return result;
+                    }
+
+                    case lexer::token_type::begin_array: {
+                        if (keep and (not callback
+                                      or ((keep = callback(depth++, parse_event_t::array_start, result)) != 0))) {
+                            // explicitly set result to object to cope with []
+                            result.m_type = value_t::array;
+                            result.m_value = value_t::array;
+                        }
+
+                        // read next token
+                        get_token();
+
+                        // closing ] -> we are done
+                        if (last_token == lexer::token_type::end_array) {
+                            get_token();
+                            if (callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::array_end, result)) {
+                                result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+                            }
+                            return result;
+                        }
+
+                        // no comma is expected here
+                        unexpect(lexer::token_type::value_separator);
+
+                        // otherwise: parse values
+                        do {
+                            // ugly, but could be fixed with loop reorganization
+                            if (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator) {
+                                get_token();
+                            }
+
+                            // parse value
+                            auto value = parse_internal(keep);
+                            if (keep and not value.is_discarded()) {
+                                result.push_back(std::move(value));
+                            }
+                        } while (last_token == lexer::token_type::value_separator);
+
+                        // closing ]
+                        expect(lexer::token_type::end_array);
+                        get_token();
+                        if (keep and callback and not callback(--depth, parse_event_t::array_end, result)) {
+                            result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+                        }
+
+                        return result;
+                    }
+
+                    case lexer::token_type::literal_null: {
+                        get_token();
+                        result.m_type = value_t::null;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_string: {
+                        const auto s = m_lexer.get_string();
+                        get_token();
+                        result = basic_json(s);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case lexer::token_type::literal_true: {
+                        get_token();
+                        result.m_type = value_t::boolean;
+                        result.m_value = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case lexer::token_type::literal_false: {
+                        get_token();
+                        result.m_type = value_t::boolean;
+                        result.m_value = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_unsigned:
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_integer:
+                    case lexer::token_type::value_float: {
+                        m_lexer.get_number(result, last_token);
+                        get_token();
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        // the last token was unexpected
+                        unexpect(last_token);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                if (keep and callback and not callback(depth, parse_event_t::value, result)) {
+                    result = basic_json(value_t::discarded);
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /// get next token from lexer
+            typename lexer::token_type get_token() {
+                last_token = m_lexer.scan();
+                return last_token;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @throw parse_error.101 if expected token did not occur
+        */
+            void expect(typename lexer::token_type t) const {
+                if (t != last_token) {
+                    std::string error_msg = "parse error - unexpected ";
+                    error_msg += (last_token == lexer::token_type::parse_error ? ("'" + m_lexer.get_token_string() +
+                                                                                  "'") :
+                                  lexer::token_type_name(last_token));
+                    error_msg += "; expected " + lexer::token_type_name(t);
+                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(101, m_lexer.get_position(), error_msg));
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @throw parse_error.101 if unexpected token occurred
+        */
+            void unexpect(typename lexer::token_type t) const {
+                if (t == last_token) {
+                    std::string error_msg = "parse error - unexpected ";
+                    error_msg += (last_token == lexer::token_type::parse_error ? ("'" + m_lexer.get_token_string() +
+                                                                                  "'") :
+                                  lexer::token_type_name(last_token));
+                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(101, m_lexer.get_position(), error_msg));
+                }
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /// current level of recursion
+            int depth = 0;
+            /// callback function
+            const parser_callback_t callback = nullptr;
+            /// the type of the last read token
+            typename lexer::token_type last_token = lexer::token_type::uninitialized;
+            /// the lexer
+            lexer m_lexer;
+        };
+
+    public:
+        /*!
+    @brief JSON Pointer
+
+    A JSON pointer defines a string syntax for identifying a specific value
+    within a JSON document. It can be used with functions `at` and
+    `operator[]`. Furthermore, JSON pointers are the base for JSON patches.
+
+    @sa [RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        class json_pointer {
+            /// allow basic_json to access private members
+            friend class basic_json;
+
+        public:
+            /*!
+        @brief create JSON pointer
+
+        Create a JSON pointer according to the syntax described in
+        [Section 3 of RFC6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901#section-3).
+
+        @param[in] s  string representing the JSON pointer; if omitted, the
+                      empty string is assumed which references the whole JSON
+                      value
+
+        @throw parse_error.107 if the given JSON pointer @a s is nonempty and
+        does not begin with a slash (`/`); see example below
+
+        @throw parse_error.108 if a tilde (`~`) in the given JSON pointer @a s
+        is not followed by `0` (representing `~`) or `1` (representing `/`);
+        see example below
+
+        @liveexample{The example shows the construction several valid JSON
+        pointers as well as the exceptional behavior.,json_pointer}
+
+        @since version 2.0.0
+        */
+            explicit json_pointer(const std::string &s = "")
+                    : reference_tokens(split(s)) {}
+
+            /*!
+        @brief return a string representation of the JSON pointer
+
+        @invariant For each JSON pointer `ptr`, it holds:
+        @code {.cpp}
+        ptr == json_pointer(ptr.to_string());
+        @endcode
+
+        @return a string representation of the JSON pointer
+
+        @liveexample{The example shows the result of `to_string`.,
+        json_pointer__to_string}
+
+        @since version 2.0.0
+        */
+            std::string to_string() const noexcept {
+                return std::accumulate(reference_tokens.begin(),
+                                       reference_tokens.end(), std::string{},
+                                       [](const std::string &a, const std::string &b) {
+                                           return a + "/" + escape(b);
+                                       });
+            }
+
+            /// @copydoc to_string()
+            operator std::string() const {
+                return to_string();
+            }
+
+        private:
+            /*!
+        @brief remove and return last reference pointer
+        @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent
+        */
+            std::string pop_back() {
+                if (is_root()) {
+                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
+                }
+
+                auto last = reference_tokens.back();
+                reference_tokens.pop_back();
+                return last;
+            }
+
+            /// return whether pointer points to the root document
+            bool is_root() const {
+                return reference_tokens.empty();
+            }
+
+            json_pointer top() const {
+                if (is_root()) {
+                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(405, "JSON pointer has no parent"));
+                }
+
+                json_pointer result = *this;
+                result.reference_tokens = {reference_tokens[0]};
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief create and return a reference to the pointed to value
+
+        @complexity Linear in the number of reference tokens.
+
+        @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
+        @throw type_error.313 if value cannot be unflattened
+        */
+            reference get_and_create(reference j) const {
+                pointer result = &j;
+
+                // in case no reference tokens exist, return a reference to the
+                // JSON value j which will be overwritten by a primitive value
+                for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+                    switch (result->m_type) {
+                        case value_t::null: {
+                            if (reference_token == "0") {
+                                // start a new array if reference token is 0
+                                result = &result->operator[](0);
+                            } else {
+                                // start a new object otherwise
+                                result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case value_t::object: {
+                            // create an entry in the object
+                            result = &result->operator[](reference_token);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case value_t::array: {
+                            // create an entry in the array
+                            JSON_TRY {
+                                result = &result->operator[](static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
+                            }
+                            JSON_CATCH (std::invalid_argument &) {
+                                JSON_THROW(
+                                        parse_error(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                            /*
+                    The following code is only reached if there exists a
+                    reference token _and_ the current value is primitive. In
+                    this case, we have an error situation, because primitive
+                    values may only occur as single value; that is, with an
+                    empty list of reference tokens.
+                    */
+                        default: {
+                            JSON_THROW(type_error(313, "invalid value to unflatten"));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *result;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief return a reference to the pointed to value
+
+        @note This version does not throw if a value is not present, but tries
+        to create nested values instead. For instance, calling this function
+        with pointer `"/this/that"` on a null value is equivalent to calling
+        `operator[]("this").operator[]("that")` on that value, effectively
+        changing the null value to an object.
+
+        @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
+
+        @return reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON pointer
+
+        @complexity Linear in the length of the JSON pointer.
+
+        @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+        @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+        @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+        */
+            reference get_unchecked(pointer ptr) const {
+                for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+                    // convert null values to arrays or objects before continuing
+                    if (ptr->m_type == value_t::null) {
+                        // check if reference token is a number
+                        const bool nums = std::all_of(reference_token.begin(),
+                                                      reference_token.end(),
+                                                      [](const char x) {
+                                                          return (x >= '0' and x <= '9');
+                                                      });
+
+                        // change value to array for numbers or "-" or to object
+                        // otherwise
+                        if (nums or reference_token == "-") {
+                            *ptr = value_t::array;
+                        } else {
+                            *ptr = value_t::object;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    switch (ptr->m_type) {
+                        case value_t::object: {
+                            // use unchecked object access
+                            ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case value_t::array: {
+                            // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+                            if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0') {
+                                JSON_THROW(parse_error(106, 0, "array index '" + reference_token +
+                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
+                            }
+
+                            if (reference_token == "-") {
+                                // explicitly treat "-" as index beyond the end
+                                ptr = &ptr->operator[](ptr->m_value.array->size());
+                            } else {
+                                // convert array index to number; unchecked access
+                                JSON_TRY {
+                                    ptr = &ptr->operator[](static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
+                                }
+                                JSON_CATCH (std::invalid_argument &) {
+                                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(109, 0,
+                                                           "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default: {
+                            JSON_THROW(out_of_range(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *ptr;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+        @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+        @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+        @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+        */
+            reference get_checked(pointer ptr) const {
+                for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+                    switch (ptr->m_type) {
+                        case value_t::object: {
+                            // note: at performs range check
+                            ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case value_t::array: {
+                            if (reference_token == "-") {
+                                // "-" always fails the range check
+                                JSON_THROW(out_of_range(402, "array index '-' (" +
+                                                             std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
+                                                             ") is out of range"));
+                            }
+
+                            // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+                            if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0') {
+                                JSON_THROW(parse_error(106, 0, "array index '" + reference_token +
+                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
+                            }
+
+                            // note: at performs range check
+                            JSON_TRY {
+                                ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
+                            }
+                            JSON_CATCH (std::invalid_argument &) {
+                                JSON_THROW(
+                                        parse_error(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default: {
+                            JSON_THROW(out_of_range(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *ptr;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief return a const reference to the pointed to value
+
+        @param[in] ptr  a JSON value
+
+        @return const reference to the JSON value pointed to by the JSON
+                pointer
+
+        @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+        @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+        @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+        @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+        */
+            const_reference get_unchecked(const_pointer ptr) const {
+                for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+                    switch (ptr->m_type) {
+                        case value_t::object: {
+                            // use unchecked object access
+                            ptr = &ptr->operator[](reference_token);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case value_t::array: {
+                            if (reference_token == "-") {
+                                // "-" cannot be used for const access
+                                JSON_THROW(out_of_range(402, "array index '-' (" +
+                                                             std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
+                                                             ") is out of range"));
+                            }
+
+                            // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+                            if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0') {
+                                JSON_THROW(parse_error(106, 0, "array index '" + reference_token +
+                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
+                            }
+
+                            // use unchecked array access
+                            JSON_TRY {
+                                ptr = &ptr->operator[](static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
+                            }
+                            JSON_CATCH (std::invalid_argument &) {
+                                JSON_THROW(
+                                        parse_error(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default: {
+                            JSON_THROW(out_of_range(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *ptr;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+        @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+        @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+        @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+        */
+            const_reference get_checked(const_pointer ptr) const {
+                for (const auto &reference_token : reference_tokens) {
+                    switch (ptr->m_type) {
+                        case value_t::object: {
+                            // note: at performs range check
+                            ptr = &ptr->at(reference_token);
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case value_t::array: {
+                            if (reference_token == "-") {
+                                // "-" always fails the range check
+                                JSON_THROW(out_of_range(402, "array index '-' (" +
+                                                             std::to_string(ptr->m_value.array->size()) +
+                                                             ") is out of range"));
+                            }
+
+                            // error condition (cf. RFC 6901, Sect. 4)
+                            if (reference_token.size() > 1 and reference_token[0] == '0') {
+                                JSON_THROW(parse_error(106, 0, "array index '" + reference_token +
+                                                               "' must not begin with '0'"));
+                            }
+
+                            // note: at performs range check
+                            JSON_TRY {
+                                ptr = &ptr->at(static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(reference_token)));
+                            }
+                            JSON_CATCH (std::invalid_argument &) {
+                                JSON_THROW(
+                                        parse_error(109, 0, "array index '" + reference_token + "' is not a number"));
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default: {
+                            JSON_THROW(out_of_range(404, "unresolved reference token '" + reference_token + "'"));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return *ptr;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief split the string input to reference tokens
+
+        @note This function is only called by the json_pointer constructor.
+              All exceptions below are documented there.
+
+        @throw parse_error.107  if the pointer is not empty or begins with '/'
+        @throw parse_error.108  if character '~' is not followed by '0' or '1'
+        */
+            static std::vector<std::string> split(const std::string &reference_string) {
+                std::vector<std::string> result;
+
+                // special case: empty reference string -> no reference tokens
+                if (reference_string.empty()) {
+                    return result;
+                }
+
+                // check if nonempty reference string begins with slash
+                if (reference_string[0] != '/') {
+                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(107, 1,
+                                           "JSON pointer must be empty or begin with '/' - was: '" + reference_string +
+                                           "'"));
+                }
+
+                // extract the reference tokens:
+                // - slash: position of the last read slash (or end of string)
+                // - start: position after the previous slash
+                for (
+                    // search for the first slash after the first character
+                        size_t slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', 1),
+                        // set the beginning of the first reference token
+                                start = 1;
+                    // we can stop if start == string::npos+1 = 0
+                        start != 0;
+                    // set the beginning of the next reference token
+                    // (will eventually be 0 if slash == std::string::npos)
+                        start = slash + 1,
+                                // find next slash
+                                slash = reference_string.find_first_of('/', start)) {
+                    // use the text between the beginning of the reference token
+                    // (start) and the last slash (slash).
+                    auto reference_token = reference_string.substr(start, slash - start);
+
+                    // check reference tokens are properly escaped
+                    for (size_t pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~');
+                         pos != std::string::npos;
+                         pos = reference_token.find_first_of('~', pos + 1)) {
+                        assert(reference_token[pos] == '~');
+
+                        // ~ must be followed by 0 or 1
+                        if (pos == reference_token.size() - 1 or
+                            (reference_token[pos + 1] != '0' and
+                             reference_token[pos + 1] != '1')) {
+                            JSON_THROW(parse_error(108, 0, "escape character '~' must be followed with '0' or '1'"));
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    // finally, store the reference token
+                    unescape(reference_token);
+                    result.push_back(reference_token);
+                }
+
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @brief replace all occurrences of a substring by another string
+
+        @param[in,out] s  the string to manipulate; changed so that all
+                          occurrences of @a f are replaced with @a t
+        @param[in]     f  the substring to replace with @a t
+        @param[in]     t  the string to replace @a f
+
+        @pre The search string @a f must not be empty. **This precondition is
+             enforced with an assertion.**
+
+        @since version 2.0.0
+        */
+            static void replace_substring(std::string &s,
+                                          const std::string &f,
+                                          const std::string &t) {
+                assert(not f.empty());
+
+                for (
+                        size_t pos = s.find(f);         // find first occurrence of f
+                        pos != std::string::npos;       // make sure f was found
+                        s.replace(pos, f.size(), t),    // replace with t
+                                pos = s.find(f, pos + t.size()) // find next occurrence of f
+                        );
+            }
+
+            /// escape tilde and slash
+            static std::string escape(std::string s) {
+                // escape "~"" to "~0" and "/" to "~1"
+                replace_substring(s, "~", "~0");
+                replace_substring(s, "/", "~1");
+                return s;
+            }
+
+            /// unescape tilde and slash
+            static void unescape(std::string &s) {
+                // first transform any occurrence of the sequence '~1' to '/'
+                replace_substring(s, "~1", "/");
+                // then transform any occurrence of the sequence '~0' to '~'
+                replace_substring(s, "~0", "~");
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @param[in] reference_string  the reference string to the current value
+        @param[in] value             the value to consider
+        @param[in,out] result        the result object to insert values to
+
+        @note Empty objects or arrays are flattened to `null`.
+        */
+            static void flatten(const std::string &reference_string,
+                                const basic_json &value,
+                                basic_json &result) {
+                switch (value.m_type) {
+                    case value_t::array: {
+                        if (value.m_value.array->empty()) {
+                            // flatten empty array as null
+                            result[reference_string] = nullptr;
+                        } else {
+                            // iterate array and use index as reference string
+                            for (size_t i = 0; i < value.m_value.array->size(); ++i) {
+                                flatten(reference_string + "/" + std::to_string(i),
+                                        value.m_value.array->operator[](i), result);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::object: {
+                        if (value.m_value.object->empty()) {
+                            // flatten empty object as null
+                            result[reference_string] = nullptr;
+                        } else {
+                            // iterate object and use keys as reference string
+                            for (const auto &element : *value.m_value.object) {
+                                flatten(reference_string + "/" + escape(element.first),
+                                        element.second, result);
+                            }
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        // add primitive value with its reference string
+                        result[reference_string] = value;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            /*!
+        @param[in] value  flattened JSON
+
+        @return unflattened JSON
+
+        @throw parse_error.109 if array index is not a number
+        @throw type_error.314  if value is not an object
+        @throw type_error.315  if object values are not primitive
+        @throw type_error.313  if value cannot be unflattened
+        */
+            static basic_json unflatten(const basic_json &value) {
+                if (not value.is_object()) {
+                    JSON_THROW(type_error(314, "only objects can be unflattened"));
+                }
+
+                basic_json result;
+
+                // iterate the JSON object values
+                for (const auto &element : *value.m_value.object) {
+                    if (not element.second.is_primitive()) {
+                        JSON_THROW(type_error(315, "values in object must be primitive"));
+                    }
+
+                    // assign value to reference pointed to by JSON pointer; Note
+                    // that if the JSON pointer is "" (i.e., points to the whole
+                    // value), function get_and_create returns a reference to
+                    // result itself. An assignment will then create a primitive
+                    // value.
+                    json_pointer(element.first).get_and_create(result) = element.second;
+                }
+
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            friend bool operator==(json_pointer const &lhs,
+                                   json_pointer const &rhs) noexcept {
+                return lhs.reference_tokens == rhs.reference_tokens;
+            }
+
+            friend bool operator!=(json_pointer const &lhs,
+                                   json_pointer const &rhs) noexcept {
+                return !(lhs == rhs);
+            }
+
+            /// the reference tokens
+            std::vector<std::string> reference_tokens{};
+        };
+
+        //////////////////////////
+        // JSON Pointer support //
+        //////////////////////////
+
+        /// @name JSON Pointer functions
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+
+    Uses a JSON pointer to retrieve a reference to the respective JSON value.
+    No bound checking is performed. Similar to @ref operator[](const typename
+    object_t::key_type&), `null` values are created in arrays and objects if
+    necessary.
+
+    In particular:
+    - If the JSON pointer points to an object key that does not exist, it
+      is created an filled with a `null` value before a reference to it
+      is returned.
+    - If the JSON pointer points to an array index that does not exist, it
+      is created an filled with a `null` value before a reference to it
+      is returned. All indices between the current maximum and the given
+      index are also filled with `null`.
+    - The special value `-` is treated as a synonym for the index past the
+      end.
+
+    @param[in] ptr  a JSON pointer
+
+    @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+
+    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,operatorjson_pointer}
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        reference operator[](const json_pointer &ptr) {
+            return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+
+    Uses a JSON pointer to retrieve a reference to the respective JSON value.
+    No bound checking is performed. The function does not change the JSON
+    value; no `null` values are created. In particular, the the special value
+    `-` yields an exception.
+
+    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
+
+    @return const reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @throw parse_error.106   if an array index begins with '0'
+    @throw parse_error.109   if an array index was not a number
+    @throw out_of_range.402  if the array index '-' is used
+    @throw out_of_range.404  if the JSON pointer can not be resolved
+
+    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,operatorjson_pointer_const}
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        const_reference operator[](const json_pointer &ptr) const {
+            return ptr.get_unchecked(this);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+
+    Returns a reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer @a ptr,
+    with bounds checking.
+
+    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
+
+    @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+
+    @throw parse_error.106 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+    begins with '0'. See example below.
+
+    @throw parse_error.109 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+    is not a number. See example below.
+
+    @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+    is out of range. See example below.
+
+    @throw out_of_range.402 if the array index '-' is used in the passed JSON
+    pointer @a ptr. As `at` provides checked access (and no elements are
+    implicitly inserted), the index '-' is always invalid. See example below.
+
+    @throw out_of_range.404 if the JSON pointer @a ptr can not be resolved.
+    See example below.
+
+    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+    changes in the JSON value.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+
+    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,at_json_pointer}
+    */
+        reference at(const json_pointer &ptr) {
+            return ptr.get_checked(this);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief access specified element via JSON Pointer
+
+    Returns a const reference to the element at with specified JSON pointer @a
+    ptr, with bounds checking.
+
+    @param[in] ptr  JSON pointer to the desired element
+
+    @return reference to the element pointed to by @a ptr
+
+    @throw parse_error.106 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+    begins with '0'. See example below.
+
+    @throw parse_error.109 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+    is not a number. See example below.
+
+    @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index in the passed JSON pointer @a ptr
+    is out of range. See example below.
+
+    @throw out_of_range.402 if the array index '-' is used in the passed JSON
+    pointer @a ptr. As `at` provides checked access (and no elements are
+    implicitly inserted), the index '-' is always invalid. See example below.
+
+    @throw out_of_range.404 if the JSON pointer @a ptr can not be resolved.
+    See example below.
+
+    @exceptionsafety Strong guarantee: if an exception is thrown, there are no
+    changes in the JSON value.
+
+    @complexity Constant.
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+
+    @liveexample{The behavior is shown in the example.,at_json_pointer_const}
+    */
+        const_reference at(const json_pointer &ptr) const {
+            return ptr.get_checked(this);
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief return flattened JSON value
+
+    The function creates a JSON object whose keys are JSON pointers (see [RFC
+    6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)) and whose values are all
+    primitive. The original JSON value can be restored using the @ref
+    unflatten() function.
+
+    @return an object that maps JSON pointers to primitive values
+
+    @note Empty objects and arrays are flattened to `null` and will not be
+          reconstructed correctly by the @ref unflatten() function.
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size the JSON value.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON object is flattened to an
+    object whose keys consist of JSON pointers.,flatten}
+
+    @sa @ref unflatten() for the reverse function
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json flatten() const {
+            basic_json result(value_t::object);
+            json_pointer::flatten("", *this, result);
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief unflatten a previously flattened JSON value
+
+    The function restores the arbitrary nesting of a JSON value that has been
+    flattened before using the @ref flatten() function. The JSON value must
+    meet certain constraints:
+    1. The value must be an object.
+    2. The keys must be JSON pointers (see
+       [RFC 6901](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901))
+    3. The mapped values must be primitive JSON types.
+
+    @return the original JSON from a flattened version
+
+    @note Empty objects and arrays are flattened by @ref flatten() to `null`
+          values and can not unflattened to their original type. Apart from
+          this example, for a JSON value `j`, the following is always true:
+          `j == j.flatten().unflatten()`.
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size the JSON value.
+
+    @throw type_error.314  if value is not an object
+    @throw type_error.315  if object values are not primitve
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows how a flattened JSON object is
+    unflattened into the original nested JSON object.,unflatten}
+
+    @sa @ref flatten() for the reverse function
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json unflatten() const {
+            return json_pointer::unflatten(*this);
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+
+        //////////////////////////
+        // JSON Patch functions //
+        //////////////////////////
+
+        /// @name JSON Patch functions
+        /// @{
+
+        /*!
+    @brief applies a JSON patch
+
+    [JSON Patch](http://jsonpatch.com) defines a JSON document structure for
+    expressing a sequence of operations to apply to a JSON) document. With
+    this function, a JSON Patch is applied to the current JSON value by
+    executing all operations from the patch.
+
+    @param[in] json_patch  JSON patch document
+    @return patched document
+
+    @note The application of a patch is atomic: Either all operations succeed
+          and the patched document is returned or an exception is thrown. In
+          any case, the original value is not changed: the patch is applied
+          to a copy of the value.
+
+    @throw parse_error.104 if the JSON patch does not consist of an array of
+    objects
+
+    @throw parse_error.105 if the JSON patch is malformed (e.g., mandatory
+    attributes are missing); example: `"operation add must have member path"`
+
+    @throw out_of_range.401 if an array index is out of range.
+
+    @throw out_of_range.403 if a JSON pointer inside the patch could not be
+    resolved successfully in the current JSON value; example: `"key baz not
+    found"`
+
+    @throw out_of_range.405 if JSON pointer has no parent ("add", "remove",
+    "move")
+
+    @throw other_error.501 if "test" operation was unsuccessful
+
+    @complexity Linear in the size of the JSON value and the length of the
+    JSON patch. As usually only a fraction of the JSON value is affected by
+    the patch, the complexity can usually be neglected.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON patch is applied to a
+    value.,patch}
+
+    @sa @ref diff -- create a JSON patch by comparing two JSON values
+
+    @sa [RFC 6902 (JSON Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)
+    @sa [RFC 6901 (JSON Pointer)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6901)
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        basic_json patch(const basic_json &json_patch) const {
+            // make a working copy to apply the patch to
+            basic_json result = *this;
+
+            // the valid JSON Patch operations
+            enum class patch_operations {
+                add, remove, replace, move, copy, test, invalid
+            };
+
+            const auto get_op = [](const std::string &op) {
+                if (op == "add") {
+                    return patch_operations::add;
+                }
+                if (op == "remove") {
+                    return patch_operations::remove;
+                }
+                if (op == "replace") {
+                    return patch_operations::replace;
+                }
+                if (op == "move") {
+                    return patch_operations::move;
+                }
+                if (op == "copy") {
+                    return patch_operations::copy;
+                }
+                if (op == "test") {
+                    return patch_operations::test;
+                }
+
+                return patch_operations::invalid;
+            };
+
+            // wrapper for "add" operation; add value at ptr
+            const auto operation_add = [&result](json_pointer &ptr, basic_json val) {
+                // adding to the root of the target document means replacing it
+                if (ptr.is_root()) {
+                    result = val;
+                } else {
+                    // make sure the top element of the pointer exists
+                    json_pointer top_pointer = ptr.top();
+                    if (top_pointer != ptr) {
+                        result.at(top_pointer);
+                    }
+
+                    // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
+                    const auto last_path = ptr.pop_back();
+                    basic_json &parent = result[ptr];
+
+                    switch (parent.m_type) {
+                        case value_t::null:
+                        case value_t::object: {
+                            // use operator[] to add value
+                            parent[last_path] = val;
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        case value_t::array: {
+                            if (last_path == "-") {
+                                // special case: append to back
+                                parent.push_back(val);
+                            } else {
+                                const auto idx = std::stoi(last_path);
+                                if (static_cast<size_type>(idx) > parent.size()) {
+                                    // avoid undefined behavior
+                                    JSON_THROW(out_of_range(401,
+                                                            "array index " + std::to_string(idx) + " is out of range"));
+                                } else {
+                                    // default case: insert add offset
+                                    parent.insert(parent.begin() + static_cast<difference_type>(idx), val);
+                                }
+                            }
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        default: {
+                            // if there exists a parent it cannot be primitive
+                            assert(false);  // LCOV_EXCL_LINE
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
+            // wrapper for "remove" operation; remove value at ptr
+            const auto operation_remove = [&result](json_pointer &ptr) {
+                // get reference to parent of JSON pointer ptr
+                const auto last_path = ptr.pop_back();
+                basic_json &parent = result.at(ptr);
+
+                // remove child
+                if (parent.is_object()) {
+                    // perform range check
+                    auto it = parent.find(last_path);
+                    if (it != parent.end()) {
+                        parent.erase(it);
+                    } else {
+                        JSON_THROW(out_of_range(403, "key '" + last_path + "' not found"));
+                    }
+                } else if (parent.is_array()) {
+                    // note erase performs range check
+                    parent.erase(static_cast<size_type>(std::stoi(last_path)));
+                }
+            };
+
+            // type check: top level value must be an array
+            if (not json_patch.is_array()) {
+                JSON_THROW(parse_error(104, 0, "JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
+            }
+
+            // iterate and apply the operations
+            for (const auto &val : json_patch) {
+                // wrapper to get a value for an operation
+                const auto get_value = [&val](const std::string &op,
+                                              const std::string &member,
+                                              bool string_type) -> basic_json & {
+                    // find value
+                    auto it = val.m_value.object->find(member);
+
+                    // context-sensitive error message
+                    const auto error_msg = (op == "op") ? "operation" : "operation '" + op + "'";
+
+                    // check if desired value is present
+                    if (it == val.m_value.object->end()) {
+                        JSON_THROW(parse_error(105, 0, error_msg + " must have member '" + member + "'"));
+                    }
+
+                    // check if result is of type string
+                    if (string_type and not it->second.is_string()) {
+                        JSON_THROW(parse_error(105, 0, error_msg + " must have string member '" + member + "'"));
+                    }
+
+                    // no error: return value
+                    return it->second;
+                };
+
+                // type check: every element of the array must be an object
+                if (not val.is_object()) {
+                    JSON_THROW(parse_error(104, 0, "JSON patch must be an array of objects"));
+                }
+
+                // collect mandatory members
+                const std::string op = get_value("op", "op", true);
+                const std::string path = get_value(op, "path", true);
+                json_pointer ptr(path);
+
+                switch (get_op(op)) {
+                    case patch_operations::add: {
+                        operation_add(ptr, get_value("add", "value", false));
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case patch_operations::remove: {
+                        operation_remove(ptr);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case patch_operations::replace: {
+                        // the "path" location must exist - use at()
+                        result.at(ptr) = get_value("replace", "value", false);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case patch_operations::move: {
+                        const std::string from_path = get_value("move", "from", true);
+                        json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
+
+                        // the "from" location must exist - use at()
+                        basic_json v = result.at(from_ptr);
+
+                        // The move operation is functionally identical to a
+                        // "remove" operation on the "from" location, followed
+                        // immediately by an "add" operation at the target
+                        // location with the value that was just removed.
+                        operation_remove(from_ptr);
+                        operation_add(ptr, v);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case patch_operations::copy: {
+                        const std::string from_path = get_value("copy", "from", true);;
+                        const json_pointer from_ptr(from_path);
+
+                        // the "from" location must exist - use at()
+                        result[ptr] = result.at(from_ptr);
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case patch_operations::test: {
+                        bool success = false;
+                        JSON_TRY {
+                            // check if "value" matches the one at "path"
+                            // the "path" location must exist - use at()
+                            success = (result.at(ptr) == get_value("test", "value", false));
+                        }
+                        JSON_CATCH (out_of_range &) {
+                            // ignore out of range errors: success remains false
+                        }
+
+                        // throw an exception if test fails
+                        if (not success) {
+                            JSON_THROW(other_error(501, "unsuccessful: " + val.dump()));
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case patch_operations::invalid: {
+                        // op must be "add", "remove", "replace", "move", "copy", or
+                        // "test"
+                        JSON_THROW(parse_error(105, 0, "operation value '" + op + "' is invalid"));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /*!
+    @brief creates a diff as a JSON patch
+
+    Creates a [JSON Patch](http://jsonpatch.com) so that value @a source can
+    be changed into the value @a target by calling @ref patch function.
+
+    @invariant For two JSON values @a source and @a target, the following code
+    yields always `true`:
+    @code {.cpp}
+    source.patch(diff(source, target)) == target;
+    @endcode
+
+    @note Currently, only `remove`, `add`, and `replace` operations are
+          generated.
+
+    @param[in] source  JSON value to compare from
+    @param[in] target  JSON value to compare against
+    @param[in] path    helper value to create JSON pointers
+
+    @return a JSON patch to convert the @a source to @a target
+
+    @complexity Linear in the lengths of @a source and @a target.
+
+    @liveexample{The following code shows how a JSON patch is created as a
+    diff for two JSON values.,diff}
+
+    @sa @ref patch -- apply a JSON patch
+
+    @sa [RFC 6902 (JSON Patch)](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902)
+
+    @since version 2.0.0
+    */
+        static basic_json diff(const basic_json &source,
+                               const basic_json &target,
+                               const std::string &path = "") {
+            // the patch
+            basic_json result(value_t::array);
+
+            // if the values are the same, return empty patch
+            if (source == target) {
+                return result;
+            }
+
+            if (source.type() != target.type()) {
+                // different types: replace value
+                result.push_back(
+                        {
+                                {"op",    "replace"},
+                                {"path",  path},
+                                {"value", target}
+                        });
+            } else {
+                switch (source.type()) {
+                    case value_t::array: {
+                        // first pass: traverse common elements
+                        size_t i = 0;
+                        while (i < source.size() and i < target.size()) {
+                            // recursive call to compare array values at index i
+                            auto temp_diff = diff(source[i], target[i], path + "/" + std::to_string(i));
+                            result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
+                            ++i;
+                        }
+
+                        // i now reached the end of at least one array
+                        // in a second pass, traverse the remaining elements
+
+                        // remove my remaining elements
+                        const auto end_index = static_cast<difference_type>(result.size());
+                        while (i < source.size()) {
+                            // add operations in reverse order to avoid invalid
+                            // indices
+                            result.insert(result.begin() + end_index, object(
+                                    {
+                                            {"op",   "remove"},
+                                            {"path", path + "/" + std::to_string(i)}
+                                    }));
+                            ++i;
+                        }
+
+                        // add other remaining elements
+                        while (i < target.size()) {
+                            result.push_back(
+                                    {
+                                            {"op",    "add"},
+                                            {"path",  path + "/" + std::to_string(i)},
+                                            {"value", target[i]}
+                                    });
+                            ++i;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    case value_t::object: {
+                        // first pass: traverse this object's elements
+                        for (auto it = source.begin(); it != source.end(); ++it) {
+                            // escape the key name to be used in a JSON patch
+                            const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());
+
+                            if (target.find(it.key()) != target.end()) {
+                                // recursive call to compare object values at key it
+                                auto temp_diff = diff(it.value(), target[it.key()], path + "/" + key);
+                                result.insert(result.end(), temp_diff.begin(), temp_diff.end());
+                            } else {
+                                // found a key that is not in o -> remove it
+                                result.push_back(object(
+                                        {
+                                                {"op",   "remove"},
+                                                {"path", path + "/" + key}
+                                        }));
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // second pass: traverse other object's elements
+                        for (auto it = target.begin(); it != target.end(); ++it) {
+                            if (source.find(it.key()) == source.end()) {
+                                // found a key that is not in this -> add it
+                                const auto key = json_pointer::escape(it.key());
+                                result.push_back(
+                                        {
+                                                {"op",    "add"},
+                                                {"path",  path + "/" + key},
+                                                {"value", it.value()}
+                                        });
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    default: {
+                        // both primitive type: replace value
+                        result.push_back(
+                                {
+                                        {"op",    "replace"},
+                                        {"path",  path},
+                                        {"value", target}
+                                });
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        /// @}
+    };
+
+/////////////
+// presets //
+/////////////
+
+/*!
+@brief default JSON class
+
+This type is the default specialization of the @ref basic_json class which
+uses the standard template types.
+
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+    using json = basic_json<>;
+} // namespace nlohmann
+
+
+///////////////////////
+// nonmember support //
+///////////////////////
+
+// specialization of std::swap, and std::hash
+namespace std {
+/*!
+@brief exchanges the values of two JSON objects
+
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+    template<>
+    inline void swap(nlohmann::json &j1,
+                     nlohmann::json &j2) noexcept(
+    is_nothrow_move_constructible<nlohmann::json>::value and
+    is_nothrow_move_assignable<nlohmann::json>::value
+    ) {
+        j1.swap(j2);
+    }
+
+/// hash value for JSON objects
+    template<>
+    struct hash<nlohmann::json> {
+        /*!
+    @brief return a hash value for a JSON object
+
+    @since version 1.0.0
+    */
+        std::size_t operator()(const nlohmann::json &j) const {
+            // a naive hashing via the string representation
+            const auto &h = hash<nlohmann::json::string_t>();
+            return h(j.dump());
+        }
+    };
+
+/// specialization for std::less<value_t>
+    template<>
+    struct less<::nlohmann::detail::value_t> {
+        /*!
+    @brief compare two value_t enum values
+    @since version 3.0.0
+    */
+        bool operator()(nlohmann::detail::value_t lhs,
+                        nlohmann::detail::value_t rhs) const noexcept {
+            return nlohmann::detail::operator<(lhs, rhs);
+        }
+    };
+
+} // namespace std
+
+/*!
+@brief user-defined string literal for JSON values
+
+This operator implements a user-defined string literal for JSON objects. It
+can be used by adding `"_json"` to a string literal and returns a JSON object
+if no parse error occurred.
+
+@param[in] s  a string representation of a JSON object
+@param[in] n  the length of string @a s
+@return a JSON object
+
+@since version 1.0.0
+*/
+inline nlohmann::json operator "" _json(const char *s, std::size_t n) {
+    return nlohmann::json::parse(s, s + n);
+}
+
+/*!
+@brief user-defined string literal for JSON pointer
+
+This operator implements a user-defined string literal for JSON Pointers. It
+can be used by adding `"_json_pointer"` to a string literal and returns a JSON pointer
+object if no parse error occurred.
+
+@param[in] s  a string representation of a JSON Pointer
+@param[in] n  the length of string @a s
+@return a JSON pointer object
+
+@since version 2.0.0
+*/
+inline nlohmann::json::json_pointer operator "" _json_pointer(const char *s, std::size_t n) {
+    return nlohmann::json::json_pointer(std::string(s, n));
+}
+
+// restore GCC/clang diagnostic settings
+#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+// clean up
+#undef JSON_CATCH
+#undef JSON_THROW
+#undef JSON_TRY
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file